LITERATURE.--See also FREE TRADE; PROTECTION; TARIFF; COMMERCIAL TREATIES; TRUSTS; MONEY; FINANCE; &c. The bibliography of economics as a whole would include a history of all the writers on the subject, and is beyond our scope here; see the numerous articles on economic subjects throughout this work. The article by Dr J.K. Ingram in the ninth edition of the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_ is still a valuable historical account. It is only possible to mention here a few of the more recent text-books. The most important general work published in English is Marshall's _Principles of Economics_, vol. i. (1st edition, 1890; 4th edition, 1898). J. Shield Nicholson's _Principles of Political Economy_ (3 vols.) not only gives a survey of economic principles since Mill's time, but contains much suggestive and original work. The writer of this article is much indebted to the works of Schmoller, particularly his _Grundris der allgemeinen Volkswirtschaftslehre_ (1900), and Adolph Wagner, particularly his _Grundlegung der politischen Ökonomie_. On the history of economic theory, Cannan's _History of the Theories of Production and Distribution_ (1776-1848) is an admirable criticism, from a purely objective standpoint, of the works of the English classical writers. The most important English works published in recent years on general English economic history are W. Cunningham's _Growth of Industry and Commerce_, and W.J. Ashley's _Economic History_, while Vinogradoff's _Villenage in England_ and _The Growth of the Manor_, as well as Maitland's _Domesday Studies_, are of great importance to the student of early economic institutions. D'Avenel's _Histoire économique de la propriété, &c._ (_1200-1800_), is a monumental work on the history of prices in France. Other books dealing with special subjects are likely to take a very high place in economic literature. We may mention particularly Charles Booth's _Life and Labour of the People in London_, B.S. Rowntree's _Poverty_, Sidney and Beatrice Webb's _History of Trade Unionism_ and _Industrial Democracy_, and Dr Arthur Shadwell's _Industrial Efficiency_ (1906). These books are generally regarded as typical of the best English work of recent years in economic investigation. We may also mention Schloss's _Methods of Industrial Remuneration_, a most important contribution to the study of the wages question; C.F. Bastable's works on _International Trade_ and _Public Finance_; George Clare on the _Money Market_ and the _Foreign Exchanges_; and A.T. Hadley's _Economics: An Account of the Relations between Private Property and Public Welfare_ (1896). Studies of particular questions, both concrete and theoretical, in foreign languages are too numerous to specify, and much of the best modern work is to be found in economic periodicals. (W. A. S. H.)