Meanwhile the progress of letters, science and learning manifested the recovery of the city. The names of Knox (d. 1572), Buchanan (1582), Alexander Montgomery (1605), Drummond of Hawthornden (1649), Allan Ramsay (1757), Smollett (1771), Fergusson (1774), and Burns (1796), carried on the literary associations of the Scottish capital nearly to the close of the 18th century, when various causes combined to give them new significance and value. The university was served by a body of teachers and investigators who won for it a prominent position among European schools. Then succeeded the era of Scott's _Marmion_ and _The Lady of the Lake_, followed by the Waverley novels and the foundation of _Blackwood's Magazine_ and the _Edinburgh Review_. Modern conditions have changed the character of Edinburgh society. In Scott's early days a journey to London was beset with difficulties and even dangers; but railways have now brought it within a few hours' distance, and Scottish artists and literary men are tempted to seek a wider field. Nevertheless, the influence of the past survives in many ways. Edinburgh is not markedly a manufacturing city, but preserves its character as the Scottish capital. AUTHORITIES.--James Grant, _Old and New Edinburgh_ (London, 1880 et seq.); W. Maitland, _History of Edinburgh_ (1753); Hugo Arnot, _History of Edinburgh_ (1789); B. Chambers, _Traditions of Edinburgh_ (1824); D. Wilson, _Memorials of Edinburgh in the Olden Time_ (1846-1848); O. Smeaton, _Edinburgh and its Story_ (1904). _The Municipal Buildings of Edinburgh_, by Robert Miller, Lord Dean of Guild, printed by order of the town council (Edinburgh, 1895); _Royal Edinburgh_, by Mrs Oliphant, illustrations by Sir George Reid, R.S.A. (London, 1890). FOOTNOTES: [1] The original Tolbooth was completed in 1501, but a new one took its place in 1563-1564, and was subsequently altered. At first occupied by the parliament and courts of justice, it served later as a prison, and was removed in 1817. [2] James Gillespie (1726-1797) was a tobacco and snuff manufacturer, and when he set up his carriage Henry Erskine suggested as a motto the homely couplet:-- "Wha wad hae thocht it, That noses wad bocht it?" [3] James Donaldson (1751-1830) was a printer who bequeathed nearly the whole of his large fortune for the purposes of a hospital for poor boys and girls, and the trustees have usually selected half of the children admitted from the ranks of the deaf and dumb.