The names Esau and Edom are possibly old divine names; see ESAU and _Ency. Bib._ s.v. "Obed edom" (the name appears to mean "servant of Edom"). For Kaus, see Baethgen, _Beitr. z. semit. Religionsgeschichte_, p. 11 seq.; G.A. Cooke, _N. Sem. Inscr._ p. 234; _Ency. Bib._ col. 2682, n. 2 and 2688 (s.v. "Kushaiah"); and Zimmern, _Keilinschr. u. d. alte Test._^3, pp. 472 seq. On the question of early Arabian civilization see YEMEN. That the name Mizraim (Misraim), "Egypt," was extended eastwards of the Delta is in itself probable, but it is still uncertain whether the term (also Ass. Musri) was applied to Edom. The evidence (which is of mixed value) makes the view a plausible one, but the theory has often been exaggerated (see MIZRAIM). For Edom see, generally, Buhl, _Gesch. d. Edomiter_ (1893); Nöldeke's article in _Ency. Bib._; W. Libbey and F.E. Hoskins, _The Jordan Valley and Petra_ (1905); the conjectural sketch by I. Levy in _Rev. d'études juives_ (Jan. 1906). For the history and culture of the latest period, see J.P. Peters and Thiersch, _Painted Tombs in the Necropolis of Marissa_ (1905), ch. i. (S. A. C.) FOOTNOTES: [1] See further, E. Robinson, _Biblical Researches_, vol. ii.; E. Hull, _Mt. Seir_; E.H. Palmer, _Desert of the Exodus_; Baedeker's _Palestine and Syria_; C.W. Wilson, "Quart. Stat." (_Pal. Explor. Fund_), 1899, p. 307, and G.A. Smith, _Ency. Bib._ col. 5162 seq. [2] In the old story of Sinuhit (ascribed to the 12th dyn.) the hero visits the land of _Kedem_, which, it was suggested, lay to the south-east or south of the Dead Sea; see, however, now A.H. Gardiner, _Sitz.-Ber._ of the Berlin Academy, 1907, pp. 142 sqq. The suggestion that the city Udumu, in the land of Gar, mentioned in the 15th century (_Amarna Tablets_, ed. Winckler, No. 237), is Edom, Gar being the Eg. _Kharu_ (Palestine) and the O.T. Horites (see above), is extremely hazardous. That the name Aduma (above) refers to Etham (so Naville, &c.) is improbable. [3] That the Edomites preserved this tradition of Saul's sovereignty and (from their standpoint) enrolled him among their kings (Gen. xxxvi. 37) cannot of course be proved. The account of the ferocious slaughter of the priests of Nob at Saul's command by Doeg the Edomite is a secondary tradition and probably of late origin (1 Sam. xxi. 1-9, xxii. 6-23); cf. the hostility of Edom in exilic and post-exilic times (p. 878, col. 1). [4] 1 Kings l.c., see the Septuagint and, especially, H. Winckler, _Alttest. Untersuch._, pp. 1-15; C.F. Burney, _Kings_, pp. 158 sqq.; J. Skinner, _Kings_, pp. 443 sqq.; Ed. Meyer, _Israeliten_, pp. 358 sqq.