In all climates fruit and forest trees suffer from weevils or _Curculionidae_. The plum curculio (_Conotrachelus nenuphar_, Herbst) in America causes endless harm in plum orchards; curculios in Australia ravage the vines and fruit trees (_Orthorrhinus klugii_, Schon, and _Leptops hopei_, Bohm, &c.). In Europe a number of "long-snouted" beetles, such as the raspberry weevils (_Otiorhynchus picipes_), the apple blossom weevil (_Anthonomus pomorum_), attack fruit; others, as the "corn weevils" (_Calandra oryzae_ and _C. granaria_), attack stored rice and corn; while others produce swollen patches on roots (_Ceutorhynchus sulcicollis_), &c. All these _Curculionidae_ are very timid creatures, falling to the ground at the least shock. This habit can be used as a means of killing them, by placing boards or sacks covered with tar below the trees, which are then gently shaken. As many of these beetles are nocturnal, this trapping should take place at night. Larval "weevils" mostly feed on the roots of plants, but some, such as the nut weevil (_Balaninus nucum_), live as larvae inside fruit. Seeds of various plants are also attacked by weevils of the family _Bruchidae_, especially beans and peas. These seed-feeders may be killed in the seeds by subjecting them to the fumes of bisulphide of carbon. The corn weevils (_Calandra granaria_ and _C. oryzae_) are now found all over the world, in many cases rendering whole cargoes of corn useless. The most important Hymenopterous pests are the sawflies or _Tenthredinidae_, which in their larval stage attack almost all vegetation. The larvae of these are usually spoken of as "false caterpillars," on account of their resemblance to the larvae of a moth. They are most ravenous feeders, stripping bushes and trees completely of their foliage, and even fruit. Sawfly larvae can at once be recognized by the curious positions they assume, and by the number of pro-legs, which exceeds ten. The female lays her eggs in a slit made by means of her "saw-like" ovipositor in the leaf or fruit of a tree. The pupae in most of these pests are found in an earthen cocoon beneath the ground, or in some cases above ground (_Lophyrus pini_). One species, the slugworm (_Eriocampa limacina_), is common to Europe and America; the larva is a curious slug-like creature, found on the upper surface of the leaves of the pear and cherry, which secretes a slimy coating from its skin. Currant and gooseberry are also attacked by sawfly larvae (_Nematus ribesii_ and _N. ventricosus_) both in Europe and America. Other species attack the stalks of grasses and corn (_Cephus pygmaeus_). Forest trees also suffer from their ravages, especially the conifers (_Lophyrus pini_). Another group of Hymenoptera occasionally causes much harm in fir plantations, namely, the _Siricidae_ or wood-wasps, whose larvae burrow into the trunks of the trees and thus kill them. For all exposed sawfly larvae hellebore washes are most fatal, but they must not