Lepidopterous enemies are numerous all over the world. Fruit suffers much from the larvae of the _Geometridae_, the so-called "looper-larvae" or "canker-worms." Of these geometers the winter moth (_Cheimatobia brumata_) is one of the chief culprits in Europe (fig. 3). The females in this moth and in others allied to it are wingless. These insects pass the pupal stage in the ground, and reach the boughs to lay their eggs by crawling up the trunks of the trees. To check them, "grease-banding" round the trees has been adopted; but as many other pests eat the leafage, it is best to kill all at once by spraying with arsenical poisons. Among other notable Lepidopterous pests are the "surface larvae" or cutworms (_Agrotis spp._), the caterpillars of various Noctuae; the codling moth (_Carpocapsa pomonella_), which causes the maggot in apples, has now become a universal pest, having spread from Europe to America and to most of the British Colonies. In many years quite half the apple crop is lost in England owing to the larvae destroying the fruit. Sugar-canes suffer from the sugar-cane borer (_Diatioca sacchari_) in the West Indies; tobacco from the larvae of hawk moths (_Sphingidae_) in America; corn and grass from various Lepidopterous pests all over the world. Nor are stored goods exempt, for much loss annually takes place in corn and flour from the presence of the larvae of the Mediterranean flour moth (_Ephestia kuniella_); while furs and clothes are often ruined by the clothes moth (_Tinea trapezella_). By far the most destructive insects in warm climates belong to the Hemiptera, especially to the _Coccidae_ or scale insects. All fruit and forest trees suffer from these curious insects, which in the female sex always remain apterous and apodal and live attached to the bark, leaf and fruit, hidden beneath variously formed scale-like coverings. The male scales differ in form from the female; the adult male is winged, and is rarely seen. The female lays her eggs beneath the scaly covering, from which hatch out little active six-legged larvae, which wander about and soon begin to form a new scale. The _Coccidae_ can, and mainly do, breed asexually (parthenogenetically). One of the most important is the San José scale (_Aspidiotus perniciosus_), which in warm climates attacks all fruit and many other trees, which, if unmolested, it will soon kill (fig. 4). These scales breed very rapidly; Howard states one may give rise to a progeny of 3,216,080,400 in one year. Other scale insects of note are the cosmopolitan mussel scale (_Mytilaspis pomorum_) and the Australian _Icerya purchasi_. The former attacks apple and pear; the latter, which selects orange and citron, was introduced into America from Australia, and carried ruin before it in some orange districts until its natural enemy, the lady-bird beetle, _Vedalia cardinalis_, was also imported.