importance, are the works of Levita on the _Massora_; his Concordance to the Massora (_Sefer Zikhronot_ completed in the second revision 1536), of which hitherto only a small part has been published, and especially his most celebrated book _Massoreth Hamasoreth_ (1538), published with English translation by Chr. D. Ginsburg, London, 1867. This was the first attempt to give a systematic account of the contents and history of the Massora. By his criticism of the Massora, and especially by proving that the punctuation of the books of the Hebrew Bible is of late origin, Levita exercised an epoch-making influence. Of his other writings may be mentioned his running commentary on David Kimhi's Grammar and Dictionary (in the Bomberg editions 1545, 1546), his German translation of the Psalms (1545) and the _Baba-Buch_ (more properly _Buovobuch_, a German recension of the Italian novel _Historia di Buovo d' Antona_, 1508). Of the literature on Levita may be mentioned: Y. Levi, _Elia Levita und seine Leistungen als Grammatiker_ (Breslau, 1888); W. Bacher, "E. Levita's wissenschaftliche Leistungen" in _Z. d. D. M. G._ xliii. (1889), p. 206-272. (W. Ba.) ELIE, a village and watering-place of Fifeshire, Scotland, on the shore of the Firth of Forth. Pop. 687. It is 10 m. due S. of St Andrews, but 20 m. distant by the North British railway, which makes a great bend by following the coast. Though it retains some old houses, and the parish church dates from 1639, Elie is, as a whole, quite modern and is one of the most popular resorts in the county on account of its fine golf links and excellent bathing. The royal burgh of Earlsferry (pop. 317) is situated in the parish of Elie, which it adjoins on the west. Its charter, granted by Malcolm Canmore, having been burned, it was renewed by James VI. The chief structure is the town hall, which is modern but has an ancient steeple. The place derived its name from its use by the earls of Fife as a ferry to the opposite shore of Haddington, 8 m. distant. Macduff's cave near Kincraig Point is believed traditionally to have been that in which the thane took refuge from Macbeth. Two and a half miles north is Balcarres House, belonging to the earl of Crawford, where Lady Anne Barnard (1750-1825) was born.