usage of the Romans, was not burnt, but as customary among other nations with the bodies of potentates, was honoured with embalmment (see Tacitus, _Ann._ xvi. 6). The body of Alexander the Great is said to have been embalmed with honey (Statius, _Silv._ iii. 2. 117), and the same material was used to preserve the corpse of Agesipolis I. during its conveyance to Sparta for burial. Herodotus states (iii. 24) that the Ethiopians, in embalming, dried the body, rubbed it with gypsum (or chalk), and, having painted it, placed it in a block of some transparent substance. The Guanches, the aborigines of the Canaries, employed a mode of embalming similar to that of the Egyptians, filling the hollow caused by the removal of the viscera with salt and an absorbent vegetable powder (see Bory de Saint Vincent, _Essais sur les Îles Fortunées_, 1803, p. 495). Embalming was still in vogue among the Egyptians in the time of St Augustine, who says that they termed mummies _gabbarae_ (_Serm._ 120, cap. 12). In modern times numerous methods of embalming have been practised. Dr Frederick Ruysch of Amsterdam (1665-1717) is said to have utilized alcohol for this purpose. By William Hunter essential oils, alcohol, cinnabar, camphor, saltpetre and pitch or rosin were employed, and the final desiccation of the body was effected by means of roasted gypsum placed in its coffin. J.P. Boudet (1778-1849) embalmed with tan, salt, asphalt and Peruvian bark, camphor, cinnamon and other aromatics and corrosive sublimate. The last-mentioned drug, chloride and sulphate of zinc, acetate and sulphate of alumina, and creasote and carbolic acid have all been recommended by various modern embalmers. See MUMMY; Louis Penicher, _Traité des embaumements_ (Paris, 1669); S. Blancard, _Anatomia reformata, et de balsamatione nova methodus_ (Lugd. Bat., 1695); Thomas Greenhill, _The Art of Embalming_ (London, 1705); J.N. Marjolin, _Manuel d'anatomie_ (Paris, 1810); Pettigrew, _History of Mummies_ (London, 1834); Gannal, _Traité d'embaumements_ (Paris, 1838; 2nd ed., 1841); Magnus, _Das Einbalsamiren der Leichen_ (Brunsw., 1839); Sucquet, _Embaumement_ (Paris, 1872); Lessley, _Embalming_ (Toledo, Ohio, 1884); Myers, _Textbook of Embalming_ (Springfield, Ohio, 1900); Rawlinson, _Herodotus_, vol. ii. p. 141; G. Elliot Smith, _A Contribution to the Study of Mummification in Egypt_ (Cairo, 1906). FOOTNOTE: [1] Neutral carbonate of sodium, Na2CO3, found at the natron lakes in the Libyan desert, and at El Hegs, in Upper Egypt.