The maps of the Ordnance, Geological and Hydrographic Surveys delineate the configuration and geology of England and the adjacent seas with a completeness unsurpassed in any other country. For ordinary detailed work the best series of maps is found in Bartholomew's _Survey Atlas of England and Wales_ (Edinburgh Geographical Institute, 1903), which, besides small distributional, physical and other maps and letterpress, contains a magnificent series of coloured-contour maps on the scale of ½ in. to 1 m. (also issued in larger separate sheets). Statistics of every kind--of climate, agriculture, mining, manufactures, trade, population, births, marriages, deaths, disease, migration, education--are liberally furnished by government agencies. See also A. J. Jukes-Brown, _The Building of the British Islands_ (London, 1888); Sir A. C. Ramsay, _Physical Geography and Geology of Great Britain_, edited by H. B. Woodward (London, 1894); Lord Avebury, _The Scenery of England and the Causes to which it is due_ (London, 1902); Sir A. Geikie, _Geological Map of England and Wales_ (scale, 10 m. to 1 in.; Edinburgh, 1897); E. Reclus, _Universal Geography_, vol. iv., _The British Isles_, edited by E. G. Ravenstein (London, 1880); H. J. Mackinder, _Britain and the British Seas_ (2nd ed., Oxford, 1907); G. G. Chisholm, "On the Distribution of Towns and Villages in England," in _Geographical Journal_, vol. ix. (1897), pp. 76-87; vol. x. (1897), pp. 511-530; A. Haviland, _The Geographical Distribution of Disease in Great Britain_ (London, 1892); A. Buchan, "The Mean Atmospheric Temperature and Pressure of the British Islands" (with maps), _Journal of the Scottish Meteorological Society_, vol. xi. (1898), pp. 3-41; W. M. Davis, "The Development of Certain English Rivers," _Geographical Journal_, vol. v. (1895), pp. 127-148; H. R. Mill, "The Mean and Extreme Rainfall of the British Isles," _Min. Proc. Inst. C.E._ (1904), vol. clv. part i.; "A Fragment of the Geography of England--South-west Sussex," _Geographical Journal_, vol. xv. (1900), p. 205; "England and Wales viewed Geographically," _Geographical Journal_, vol. xxiv. (1904), pp. 621-636. FOOTNOTES: [1] The general questions capable of a single treatment for England, Scotland and Ireland are considered under UNITED KINGDOM. [2] Measurements made on a map on the scale of 12½ m. to 1 in., the coast being assumed to run up estuaries until the breadth became 1 m., and no bays or headlands of less than 1 m. across being reckoned. The coast-line of Anglesea and the Isle of Wight, but of no other islands, is included. [3] A separate topographical notice is given under the heading WALES, but the consideration of certain points affecting Wales as linked with England is essential in this article.