AUTHORITIES.--See B. Melli, _La Colonia Eritrea dalle sue origini al anno 1901_ (Parma, 1901); G.B. Penne, _Per l'Italia Africana. Studio critico_ (Rome, 1906); R. Perini, _Di qua dal Mareb_ (Florence, 1905), a monograph on the Asmara zone; F. Martini, _Nell' Africa Italiana_ (3rd ed., Milan, 1891); A.B. Wylde, _Modern Abyssinia_, chaps. v.-ix. (London, 1901); E.D. Schoenfeld, _Erythraa und der agyptische Sudan_, chaps. i.-xii. (Berlin, 1904); Luigi Chiala, _La Spedizione di Massana_ (Turin, 1888); _Abyssinian Green Books_ published at intervals in 1895 and 1896, covering the period from 1870 to the end of the Italo-Abyssinian War; Vico Mantegazza, _La Guerra in Africa_ (Florence, 1896); General Baratieri, _Memorie d'Africa_ (Rome, 1898); C. de la Jonquiere, _Les Italiens en Erythree_ (Paris, 1897); G.F.H. Berkeley, _The Campaign of Adowa_ (London, 1902). For orography and geology see an article by P. Verri in _Boll. Soc. geog. italiana_, 1909, and for climate an article in _Rivista coloniale_ (1906), by A. Tancredi. A. Allori compiled a _Piccolo Dizionario eritreo, italiano-arabo-amarico_ (Milan, 1895). For Afar consult W. Munzinger, "A Journey through the Afar Country" in _Journ. Royal Geog. Soc._ for 1869; V. Bottego, "Nella Terra dei Danakil," in _Boll. Soc. Geog. Italiana_, 1892; Count C. Rossini, "Al Ragali" in _L'Espl. Comm._ of Milan, 1903-1904; and articles by G. Dainelli and O. Marinelli in the _Riv. Geog. Italiana_ of Florence for 1906-1908, dealing with the volcanic regions. Bibliographies will be found in G. Fumagalli's _Bibliografia Etiopica_ (Milan, 1893) and in the _Riv. Geog. Italiana_ for 1907. FOOTNOTE: [1] During the Second Empire unsuccessful efforts were made by France to obtain a Red Sea port and a foothold in northern Abyssinia. (See SOMALILAND: _French_.)