Three days after Memphis fell, and this was soon afterwards followed by the surrender of Tyre and its king. In 668 B.C. Egypt again revolted, and while on the march to reduce it Esar-haddon fell ill and died on the 10th of Marchesvan. His empire was divided between his two sons Assur-bani-pal and Samas-sum-yukin, Assur-bani-pal receiving Assyria and his brother Babylonia, an arrangement, however, which did not prove to be a success. Esar-haddon was the builder of a palace at Nineveh as well as of one which he erected at Calah for Assur-bani-pal. AUTHORITIES.--E.A.W. Budge, _History of Esarhaddon_ (1880); E. Schrader, _Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek_, ii. (1889) (Abel and Winckler in ii. pp. 120-153); G. Maspero, _Passing of the Empires_, pp. 345 sqq.; F. von Luschan, "Ausgrabungen in Sendschirli," i. (_Mitteilungen aus den orientalischen Sammlungen_, 1893). (A. H. S.) ESAU, the son of Isaac and Rebecca, in the Bible, and the elder twin brother of Jacob. He was so called because he was red (_admoni_) and hairy when he was born, and the name Edom (red) was given to him when he sold his birthright to Jacob for a meal of _red_ lentil pottage (Gen. xxv. 21-34). Another story of the manner in which Jacob obtained the superiority is related in Gen. xxvii. Here the younger brother impersonated the elder, and succeeded in deceiving his blind father by imitating the hairiness of his brother. He thus gained the blessing intended for the first-born, and Esau, on hearing how he had been forestalled, vowed to kill him. Jacob accordingly fled to his mother's relatives, and on his return, many years later, peace was restored between them (xxxii. sq.). These primitive stories of the relations between the eponymous heads of the Edomites and Israelites are due to the older (Judaean) sources; the late notices of the Priestly school (see GENESIS) preserve a different account of the parting of the two (Gen. xxxvi. 6-8), and lay great stress upon Esau's marriages with the Canaanites of the land, unions which were viewed (from the writer's standpoint) with great aversion (Gen. xxvi. 34 sq., xxvii. 46). For "Esau" as a designation of the Edomites, cf. Jer. xlix. 8, Obad. _vv._ 6, 8, and on their history, see EDOM. Esau's characteristic hairiness (Gen. xxv. 25, xxvii. 11) has given rise to the suggestion that his name is properly _'eshav_, from a root corresponding to the Arab. _'athiya_, to have thick or matted hair. Mt Seir, too, where he resided, etymologically suggests a "shaggy" mountain-land. According to Hommel (_Sud-arab. Chrestom._ p. 39 sq.) the name Esau has S. Arabian analogies. On the possible identity of the name with Usoos, the Phoenician demi-god (Philo of Byblus, ap. Eusebius, _Praep. Evang._ i. 10), see Cheyne, _Encyc. Bib._ col. 1333; Lagrange, _Etudes sur les religions semitiques_, p. 416 (Paris, 1905); Ed. Meyer, _Israeliten_, 278 sq. (and, on general questions, _ib._ 128 sq., 329 sqq.). (S. A. C.)