Besides editing, with memoirs, the works of Hagedorn, Zacharia and other German poets, he was the author of a _Handbuch der klassischen Literatur_ (1783); _Entwurf einer Theorie und Literatur der schonen Wissenschaften_ (1783); _Beispielsammlung zur Theorie und Literatur der schonen Wissenschaften_ (8 vols., 1788-1795); _Lehrbuch der Wissenschaftskunde_ (1792); and _Denkmaler altdeutscher Dichtkunst_ (1799). Most of these works have passed through several editions. Eschenburg was also a poet of some pretensions, and some of his religious hymns, e.g. _Ich will dich noch im Tod erheben_ and _Dir trau' ich, Gott, und wanke nicht_, are contained in many hymnals to this day. ESCHENMAYER, ADAM KARL AUGUST VON (1768-1852), German philosopher and physicist, was born at Neuenburg in Wurttemberg in July 1768. After receiving his early education at the Caroline academy of Stuttgart, he entered the university of Tubingen, where he received the degree of doctor of medicine. He practised for some time as a physician at Sulz, and then at Kirchheim, and in 1811 he was chosen extraordinary professor of philosophy and medicine at Tubingen. In 1818 he became ordinary professor of practical philosophy, but in 1836 he resigned and took up his residence at Kirchheim, where he devoted his whole attention to philosophical studies. Eschenmayer's views are largely identical with those of Schelling, but he differed from him in regard to the knowledge of the absolute. He believed that in order to complete the arc of truth philosophy must be supplemented by what he called "non-philosophy," a kind of mystical illumination by which was obtained a belief in God that could not be reached by mere intellectual effort (see Hoffding, _Hist. of Mod. Phil._, Eng. trans. vol. 2, p. 170). He carried this tendency to mysticism into his physical researches, and was led by it to take a deep interest in the phenomena of animal magnetism. He ultimately became a devout believer in demoniacal and spiritual possession; and his later writings are all strongly impregnated with the lower supernaturalism. His principal works are--_Die Philosophie in ihrem Ubergange zur Nichtphilosophie_ (1803); _Versuch die scheinbare Magie des thierischen Magnetismus aus physiol. und psychischen Gesetzen zu erklaren_ (1816); _System der Moralphilosophie_ (1818); _Psychologie in drei Theilen, als empirische, reine, angewandte_ (1817, 2nd ed. 1822); _Religionsphilosophie_ (3 vols., 1818-1824); _Die Hegel'sche Religionsphilosophie verglichen mit dem christl. Princip_ (1834); _Der Ischariotismus unserer Tage_ (1835) (directed against Strauss's _Life of Jesus_); _Konflikt zwischen Himmel und Holle, an dem Damon eines besessenen Madchens beobachtet_ (1837); _Grundriss der Naturphilosophie_ (1832); _Grundzuge der christl. Philosophie_ (1840); and _Betrachtungen uber den physischen Weltbau_ (1852).