ESQUIROL, JEAN ETIENNE DOMINIQUE (1772-1840), French alienist, was born at Toulouse on the 3rd of February 1772. In 1794 he became a pupil of the military hospital of Narbonne, and subsequently studied in Paris at the Salpetriere under P. Pinel, whose assistant he became. In 1811 he was chosen physician to the Salpetriere, and in 1817 he began a course of lectures on the treatment of the insane, in which he made such revelations of the abuses existing in the lunatic asylums of France that the government appointed a commission to inquire into the subject. Esquirol in this and other ways greatly assisted Pinel's efforts for the introduction of humaner methods. The asylums of Rouen, Nantes and Montpellier were built in accordance with his plans. In 1823 he became inspector-general of the university of Paris for the faculties of medicine, and in 1826 chief physician of the asylum at Charenton. He died at Paris on the 13th of December 1840. Besides contributing to the _Dictionnaire des sciences medicales_ and the _Encyclopedie des gens du monde_, Esquirol wrote _Des maladies mentales, considerees sous les rapports medical, hygienique, et medico-legal_ (2 vols., Paris, 1838). ESQUIROS, HENRI FRANCOIS ALPHONSE (1812-1876), French writer, was born in Paris on the 23rd of May 1812. After some minor publications he produced _L'Evangile du peuple_ (1840), an exposition of the life and character of Jesus as a social reformer. This work was considered an offence against religion and decency, and Esquiros was fined and imprisoned. He was elected in 1850 as a social democrat to the Legislative Assembly, but was exiled in 1851 for his opposition to the Empire. Returning to France in 1869 he was again a member of the Legislative Assembly, and in 1876 was elected to the senate. He died at Versailles on the 12th of May 1876. He turned to account his residence in England in _L'Angleterre et la vie anglaise_ (5 vols., 1859-1869). Among his numerous works on social subjects may be noted:--_Histoire des Montagnards_ (2 vols., 1847); _Paris, ou les sciences, les institutions et les moeurs au XIX^e siecle_ (2 vols., 1847); and _Histoire des martyrs de la liberte_ (1851).