BIBLIOGRAPHY.--G. Antonelli, _Saggio di una bibliografia storica ferrarese_ (Ferrara, 1851); L.A. Muratori, _Delle antichita estensi ed italiane_ (3 vols., 1717, &c.), the chief and most reliable authority on the subject, containing a quantity of documents; A. Frizzi, _Memorie per la storia di Ferrara_ (2nd ed., Ferrara, 1847); A. Solerti, _Ferrara e la corte estense nella seconda meta del sec. XVI._ (Citta di Castello, 1900); C. Antolini, _Il dominio estense in Ferrara_ (Ferrara, 1896), which deals with the siege of 1240 and other special points; E.G. Gardner, _Princes and Poets of Ferrara_ (London, 1904), a bulky volume dealing only with the Renaissance period, full of interesting and unpublished matter, especially about the literary and artistic associations of the house, but not well put together (contains good bibliography); G. Bertoni, _La Biblioteca estense e la coltura ferrarese ai tempi del duca Ercole I._ (Turin, 1903), useful for the literary aspect of the subject; P. Litta, _Le Celebri Famiglie italiane_, vol. iii. (Milan, 1831), still a valuable work; E. Noyes, _The Story of Ferrara_ (London, 1904); Julia Cartwright's _Isabella d'Este_ (London, 1903), and _Beatrice d'Este_ (1899), pleasantly written but amateurish volumes based on A. Luzio's _Mantova e Urbino_ (Turin, 1893); A. Luzio and R. Renier, "Delle relazioni di Isabella d'Este Gonzaga con Lodovico e Beatrice Sforza" (Milan, 1890, _Archivio Storico Lombardo_, xvii.). (L. V.*) FOOTNOTES: [1] i.e. Margrave of the Empire (_marchio Sancti Imperii_) in Italy. (See MARQUESS.) [2] Another son of Azzo and Gersende became count of Maine as Hugh III. (d. 1131). ESTE (anc. Ateste, q.v.), a town and episcopal see of Venetia, Italy, in the province of Padua, 20 m. S.S.W. of it by rail. Pop. (1901) 8671 (town); 10,779 (commune). It lies 49 ft. above sea-level below the southern slopes of the Euganean Hills. The external walls of the castle still rise above the town on the N., but the interior is now occupied by the cattle-market. A fragment of the once enormous Palazzo Mocenigo, of the 16th century, is now occupied by the important archaeological museum (see ATESTE). The cathedral was erected in 1690-1720, on the site of an older building destroyed by an earthquake in 1688. S. Martino is a church in the Lombard Romanesque style. The archives in the Palazzo Comunale are important. After the Roman period the history of Este is a blank until the Lombard period, in which it was dependent on Monselice. In the 10th century the family of Este (see above) established itself in the castle above the town. At the end of the 13th century Padua, which had already captured Este more than once, became definitely mistress of it. When the Carrara family succumbed in 1405, Este voluntarily surrendered to Venice and was allowed its independence, under a podesta; and thenceforth it followed the fortunes of Venetia.