Whether, or how far, the utility of forests is brought out in a particular country depends on its special conditions, such as (1) the position of a country, its communications, and the control which it exercises over other countries, such as colonies; (2) the quantity and quality of substitutes for forest produce available in the country; (3) the value of land and labour, and the returns which land yields if used for other purposes; (4) the density of population; (5) the amount of capital available for investment; (6) the climate and configuration, especially the geographical position, whether inland or on the border of the sea, &c. No general rule can be laid down, showing whether forests are required in a country, or, if so, to what extent; that question must be answered according to the special circumstances of each case. The subjoined table shows the forests of various European states:-- +------------------+-------------+------------+------------+------------+ | | | Percentage | Percentage | Forest | | | Area of | of Total | of Forest | Area per | | Countries. | Forests, in | Area of | Area | Head of | | | Acres. | Country | belonging | Population,| | | | under | to the | in Acres. | | | | Forest. | State. | | +------------------+-------------+------------+------------+------------+ | Sweden | 49,000,000 | 48 | 33 | 9.5 | | Norway | 17,000,000 | 21 | 28 | 7.6 | | Russia, including| | | | | | Finland | 518,000,000 | 40 | 61 | 5.9 | | Bosnia and | | | | | | Herzegovina | 6,400,000 | 50 | 78 | 4.0 | | Bulgaria | 7,600,000 | 30 | 30 | 2.3 | | Turkey | 11,200,000 | 20 | . . | 1.7 | | Servia | 3,900,000 | 32 | 37 | 1.5 | | Rumania | 6,400,000 | 18 | 40 | 1.3 | | Spain | 21,200,000 | 17 | 84 | 1.2 | | Hungary | 22,500,000 | 28 | 15 | 1.2 | | Austria | 24,000,000 | 32 | 7 | .9 | | Greece | 2,000,000 | 13 | 80 | .85 | | Luxemburg | 200,000 | 30 | . . | .82 | | Switzerland | 2,100,000 | 20 | 5 | .7 | | Germany | 35,000,000 | 26 | 34 | .6 | | France | 24,000,000 | 18 | 12 | .6 | | Italy | 10,400,000 | 15 | 4 | .3 |