Franklin early rebelled against New England Puritanism and spent his
Sundays in reading and in study instead of attending church. His
free-thinking ran its extreme course at the time of his publication in
London of _A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain_
(1725), which he recognized as one of the great _errata_ of his life. He
later called himself a deist, or theist, not discriminating between the
terms. To his favourite sister he wrote: "There are some things in your
New England doctrine and worship which I do not agree with; but I do not
therefore condemn them, or desire to shake your belief or practice of
them." Such was his general attitude. He did not believe in the divinity
of Christ, but thought "his system of morals and his religion, as he
left them to us, the best the world ever saw, or is like to see." His
intense practical-mindedness drew him away from religion, but drove him
to a morality of his own (the "art of virtue," he called it), based on
thirteen virtues each accompanied by a short precept; the virtues were
Temperance, Silence, Order, Resolution, Frugality, Industry, Sincerity,
Justice, Moderation, Cleanliness, Tranquility, Chastity and Humility,
the precept accompanying the last-named virtue being "Imitate Jesus and
Socrates." He made a business-like little notebook, ruled off spaces for
the thirteen virtues and the seven days of the week, "determined to give
a week's strict attention to each of the virtues successively ...
[going] thro' a course compleate in thirteen weeks and four courses in a
year," marking for each day a record of his adherence to each of the
precepts. "And conceiving God to be the fountain of wisdom," he "thought
it right and necessary to solicit His assistance for obtaining it," and
drew up the following prayer for daily use: "O powerful Goodness!
bountiful Father! merciful Guide! Increase in me that wisdom which
discovers my truest interest. Strengthen my resolution to perform what
that wisdom dictates. Accept my kind offices to Thy other children, as
the only return in my power for Thy continual favours to me." He was by
no means prone to overmuch introspection, his great interest in the
conduct of others being shown in the wise maxims of Poor Richard, which
were possibly too utilitarian but were wonderfully successful in
instructing American morals. His _Art of Virtue_ on which he worked for
years was never completed or published in any form.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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