For the greater part of the middle ages Frascati belonged to the papacy. See G. Tomassetti, _La Via Latina nel medio evo_ (Rome, 1886), 170 seq.; T. Ashby in _Papers of the British School at Rome_, iv. (London, 1907). (T. As.) FRASER, ALEXANDER CAMPBELL (1819- ), Scottish philosopher, was born at Ardchattan, Argyllshire, on the 3rd of September 1819. He was educated at Glasgow and Edinburgh, where, from 1846 to 1856, he was professor of Logic at New College. He edited the _North British Review_ from 1850 to 1857, and in 1856, having previously been a Free Church minister, he succeeded Sir William Hamilton as professor of Logic and Metaphysics at Edinburgh University. In 1859 he became dean of the faculty of arts. He devoted himself to the study of English philosophers, especially Berkeley, and published a _Collected Edition of the Works of Bishop Berkeley with Annotations, &c._ (1871; enlarged 1901), a _Biography of Berkeley_ (1881), an _Annotated Edition of Locke's Essay_ (1894), the _Philosophy of Theism_ (1896) and the _Biography of Thomas Reid_ (1898). He contributed the article on John Locke to the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_. In 1904 he published an autobiography entitled _Biographia philosophica_, in which he sketched the progress of his intellectual development. From this work and from his Gifford lectures we learn objectively what had previously been inferred from his critical works. After a childhood spent in an austerity which stigmatized as unholy even the novels of Sir Walter Scott, he began his college career at the age of fourteen at a time when Christopher North and Dr Ritchie were lecturing on Moral Philosophy and Logic. His first philosophical advance was stimulated by Thomas Brown's _Cause and Effect_, which introduced him to the problems which were to occupy his thought. From this point he fell into the scepticism of Hume. In 1836 Sir William Hamilton was appointed to the chair of Logic and Metaphysics, and Fraser became his pupil. He himself says, "I owe more to Hamilton than to any other influence." It was about this time also that he began his study of Berkeley and Coleridge, and deserted his early phenomenalism for the conception of a spiritual will as the universal cause. In the _Biographia_ this "Theistic faith" appears in its full development (see the concluding chapter), and is especially important as perhaps the nearest approach to Kantian ethics made by original English philosophy. Apart from the philosophical interest of the Biographia, the work contains valuable pictures of the Land of Lorne and Argyllshire society in the early 19th century, of university life in Glasgow and Edinburgh, and a history of the _North British Review_.