Of late years, numerous societies bearing Greek names and imitating the externals of the college fraternities have sprung up in the high schools and academies of the country, but have excited the earnest and apparently united opposition of the authorities of such schools. See William Raimond Baird, _American College Fraternities_ (6th ed., New York, 1905); Albert C. Stevens, _Cyclopedia of Fraternities_ (Paterson, N. J., 1899); Henry D. Sheldon, _Student Life and Customs_ (New York, 1901); Homer L. Patterson, _Patterson's College and School Directory_ (Chicago, 1904); H. K. Kellogg, _College Secret Societies_ (Chicago, 1874); Albert P. Jacobs, _Greek Letter Societies_ (Detroit, 1879). (W. R. B.*) FRATICELLI (plural diminutive of Ital. _frate_, brother), the name given during the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries to a number of religious groups in Italy, differing widely from each other, but all derived more or less directly from the Franciscan movement. Fra Salimbene says in his _Chronicle_ (Parma ed., p. 108): "All who wished to found a new rule borrowed something from the Franciscan order, the sandals or the habit." As early as 1238 Gregory IX., in his bull _Quoniam abundavit iniquitas_, condemned and denounced as forgers (_tanquam falsarios_) all who begged or preached in a habit resembling that of the mendicant orders, and this condemnation was repeated by him or his successors. The term Fraticelli was used contemptuously to denote, not any particular sect, but the members of orders formed on the fringe of the church. Thus Giovanni Villani, speaking of the heretic Dolcino, says in his _Chronicle_ (bk. viii. ch. 84): "He is not a brother of an ordered rule, but a _fraticello_ without an order." Similarly, John XXII., in his bull _Sancta Romana et Universalis Ecclesia_ (28th of December 1317), condemns vaguely those "_profanae multitudinis viri_ commonly called Fraticelli, or Brethren of the Poor Life, or Bizocchi, or Beguines, or by all manner of other names."