The best modern authorities are W. von Giesebrecht, _Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit_, Band v. (Leipzig, 1888); J. Jastrow, _Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Hohenstaufen_ (Berlin, 1893); F. W. Schirrmacher, _Kaiser Friedrich der Zweite_ (Goettingen, 1859-1865); "Beitraege zur Geschichte Kaiser Friedrichs II." in the _Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte_, Band xi. (Goettingen, 1862-1886), and _Die letzten Hohenstaufen_ (Goettingen, 1871); E. Winkelmann, _Geschichte Kaiser Friedrichs II und seiner Reiche_ (Berlin, 1865) and _Kaiser Friedrich II._ (Leipzig, 1889); G. Blondel, _Etude sur la politique de l'empereur Frederic II. en Allemagne_ (Paris, 1892); M. Halbe, _Friedrich II. und der paepstliche Stuhl_ (Berlin, 1888); R. Roehricht, _Die Kreuzfahrt des Kaisers Friedrich II._ (Berlin, 1874); C. Koehler, _Das Verhaeltnis Kaiser Friedrichs II. zu den Paepsten seiner Zeit_ (Breslau, 1888); J. Feiten, _Papst Gregor IX_. (Freiburg, 1886); C. Rodenberg, _Innocenz IV. und das Koenigreich Sicilien_ (Halle, 1892); K. Lamprecht, _Deutsche Geschichte_, Band iii. (Berlin, 1891); M. Huillard-Breholles, _Vie et correspondance de Pierre de la Vigne_ (Paris, 1865); A. del Vecchio, _La legislazione de Federico II_ (Turin, 1874); and K. Hampe, _Kaiser Friedrich II_. (Munich, 1899). (A. W. H.*) FOOTNOTE: [1] First printed at Augsburg in 1596; a German edition was published at Berlin in 1896. FREDERICK III. (1415-1493), Roman emperor,--as Frederick IV., German king, and as Frederick V., archduke of Austria,--son of Ernest of Habsburg, duke of Styria and Carinthia, was born at Innsbruck on the 21st of September 1415. After his father's death in 1424 he passed his time at the court of his uncle and guardian, Frederick IV., count of Tirol. In 1435, together with his brother, Albert the Prodigal, he undertook the government of Styria and Carinthia, but the peace of these lands was disturbed by constant feuds between the brothers, which lasted until Albert's death in 1463. In 1439 the deaths of the German king Albert II. and of Frederick of Tirol left Frederick the senior member of the Habsburg family, and guardian of Sigismund, count of Tirol. In the following year he also became guardian of Ladislaus, the posthumous son of Albert II., and heir to Bohemia, Hungary and Austria, but these responsibilities brought only trouble and humiliation in their train. On the 2nd of February 1440 Frederick was chosen German king at Frankfort, but, owing to his absence from Germany, the coronation was delayed until the 17th of June 1442, when it took place at Aix-la-Chapelle.