The authorities for the life of Frederick are found in the _Fontes rerum Germanicarum_, Band i., edited by J. F. Boehmer (Stuttgart, 1843-1868), and in the _Fontes rerum Austriacarum_, part i. (Vienna, 1855). Modern works which may be consulted are: E. M. Fuerst von Lichnowsky, G_eschichte des Hauses Habsburg_ (Vienna, 1836-1844); Th. Lindner, _Deutsche Geschichte unter den Habsburgern und Luxemburgern_ (Stuttgart, 1888-1893). R. Doebner, _Die Auseinandersetzung zwischen Ludwig IV. dem Bayer und Friedrich dem Schoenen von Oesterreich_ (Goettingen, 1875); F. Kurz, _Oesterreich unter Koenig Friedrich dem Schoenen_ (Linz, 1818); F. Krones, _Handbuch der Geschichte Oesterreichs_ (Berlin, 1876-1879); H. Schrohe, _Der Kampf der Gegenkoenige Ludwig und Friedrich_ (Berlin, 1902); W. Friedensburg, _Ludwig IV. der Bayer und Friedrich von Oesterreich_ (Goettingen, 1877); B. Gebhardt, _Handbuch der deutschen Geschichte_ (Berlin, 1901). FREDERICK II. (1534-1588), king of Denmark and Norway, son of Christian III., was born at Hadersleben on the 1st of July 1534. His mother, Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg, was the elder sister of Catherine, the first wife of Gustavus Vasa and the mother of Eric XIV. The two little cousins, born the same year, were destined to be lifelong rivals. At the age of two Frederick was proclaimed successor to the throne at the _Rigsdag_ of Copenhagen (October 30th, 1536), and homage was done to him at Oslo for Norway in 1548. The choice of his governor, the patriotic historiographer Hans Svaning, was so far fortunate that it ensured the devotion of the future king of Denmark to everything Danish; but Svaning was a poor pedagogue, and the wild and wayward lad suffered all his life from the defects of his early training. Frederick's youthful, innocent attachment to the daughter of his former tutor, Anna Hardenberg, indisposed him towards matrimony at the beginning of his reign (1558). After the hands of Elizabeth of England, Mary of Scotland and Renata of Lorraine had successively been sought for him, the council of state grew anxious about the succession, but he finally married his cousin, Sophia of Mecklenburg, on the 20th of July 1572.