separate treaty of Basel with the French Republic (April 5, 1795), which was regarded by the great monarchies as a betrayal, and left Prussia morally isolated in Europe on the eve of the titanic struggle between the monarchical principle and the new political creed of the Revolution. Prussia had paid a heavy price for the territories acquired at the expense of Poland in 1793 and 1795, and when, on the 16th of November 1797, Frederick William died, he left the state in bankruptcy and confusion, the army decayed and the monarchy discredited. Frederick William II. was twice married: (1) in 1765 to Elizabeth of Brunswick (d. 1841), by whom he had a daughter, Frederika, afterwards duchess of York, and from whom he was divorced in 1769; (2) in 1769 to Frederika Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt, by whom he had four sons, Frederick William III., Louis (d. 1796), Henry and William, and two daughters, Wilhelmina, wife of William of Orange, afterwards William I., king of the Netherlands, and Augusta, wife of William II., elector of Hesse. Besides his relations with his _maitresse en titre_, the countess Lichtenau, the king--who was a frank polygamist--contracted two "marriages of the left hand" with Fraeulein von Voss and the countess Doenhoff. See article by von Hartmann in _Allgem. deutsche Biog._ (Leipzig, 1878); Stadelmann, _Preussens Koenige in ihrer Taetigkeit fuer die Landeskultur_, vol. iii. "Friedrich Wilhelm II." (Leipzig, 1885); Paulig, _Friedrich Wilhelm II., sein Privatleben u. seine Regierung_ (Frankfurt-an-der-Oder, 1896).