While the forms of the sea-bed are not yet sufficiently well known to
admit of exact classification, they are recognized to be as a rule
distinct from the forms of the land, and the importance of using a
distinctive terminology is felt. Efforts have been made to arrive at a
definite international agreement on this subject, and certain terms
suggested by a committee were adopted by the Eighth International
Geographical Congress at New York in 1904.[30] The forms of the ocean
floor include the "shelf," or shallow sea margin, the "depression," a
general term applied to all submarine hollows, and the "elevation." A
depression when of great extent is termed a "basin," when it is of a
more or less round form with approximately equal diameters, a "trough"
when it is wide and elongated with gently sloping borders, and a
"trench" when narrow and elongated with steeply sloping borders, one
of which rises higher than the other. The extension of a trough or
basin penetrating the land or an elevation is termed an "embayment"
when wide, and a "gully" when long and narrow; and the deepest part of
a depression is termed a "deep." A depression of small extent when
steep-sided is termed a "caldron," and a long narrow depression
crossing a part of the continental border is termed a "furrow." An
elevation of great extent which rises at a very gentle angle from a
surrounding depression is termed a "rise," one which is relatively
narrow and steep-sided a "ridge," and one which is approximately equal
in length and breadth but steep-sided a "plateau," whether it springs
direct from a depression or from a rise. An elevation of small extent
is distinguished as a "dome" when it is more than 100 fathoms from the
surface, a "bank" when it is nearer the surface than 100 fathoms but
deeper than 6 fathoms, and a "shoal" when it comes within 6 fathoms of
the surface and so becomes a serious danger to shipping. The highest
point of an elevation is termed a "height," if it does not form an
island or one of the minor forms.
Land forms.
The forms of the dry land are of infinite variety, and have been
studied in great detail.[31] From the descriptive or topographical
point of view, geometrical form alone should be considered; but the
origin and geological structure of land forms must in many cases be
taken into account when dealing with the function they exercise in the
control of mobile distributions. The geographers who have hitherto
given most attention to the forms of the land have been trained as
geologists, and consequently there is a general tendency to make
origin or structure the basis of classification rather than form
alone.
The six elementary land forms.
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