[8] Printed in _Schriften zur physischen Geographie_, vol. vi. of Schubert's edition of the collected works of Kant (Leipzig, 1839). First published with notes by Rink in 1802. [9] _History of Civilization_, vol. i. (1857). [10] See H.J. Mackinder in _British Association Report_ (Ipswich), 1895, p. 738, for a summary of German opinion, which has been expressed by many writers in a somewhat voluminous literature. [11] H. Wagner's year-book, _Geographische Jahrbuch_, published at Gotha, is the best systematic record of the progress of geography in all departments; and Haack's _Geographen Kalender_, also published annually at Gotha, gives complete lists of the geographical societies and geographers of the world. [12] This phrase is old, appearing in one of the earliest English works on geography, William Cuningham's _Cosmographical Glasse conteinyng the pleasant Principles of Cosmographie, Geographie, Hydrographie or Navigation_ (London, 1559). [13] See also S. Gunther, _Handbuch der mathematischen Geographie_ (Stuttgart, 1890). [14] "On the Height of the Land and the Depth of the Ocean," _Scot. Geog. Mag._ iv. (1888), p. 1. Estimates had been made previously by Humboldt, De Lapparent, H. Wagner, and subsequently by Penck and Heiderich, and for the oceans by Karstens. [15] _Petermanns Mitteilungen_, xxv. (1889), p. 17. [16] _Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin._ xvii. (1890) p. 185. [17] _Comptes rendus Acad. Sci._ (Paris, 1890), vol. iii. p. 994. [18] "Areal und mittlere Erhebung der Landflachen sowie der Erdkruste" in Gerland's _Beitrage zur Geophysik_, ii. (1895) p. 667. See also _Nature_, 54 (1896), p. 112. [19] _Petermanns Mitteilungen_, xxxv. (1889) p. 19. [20] The areas of the continental shelf and lowlands are approximately equal, and it is an interesting circumstance that, taken as a whole, the actual coast-line comes just midway on the most nearly level belt of the earth's surface, excepting the ocean floor. The configuration of the continental slope has been treated in detail by Nansen in _Scientific Results of Norwegian North Polar Expedition_, vol. iv. (1904), where full references to the literature of the subject will be found. [21] _British Association Report_ (Edinburgh, 1892), p. 699. [22] _Das Antlitz der Erde_ (4 vols., Leipzig, 1885, 1888, 1901). Translated under the editorship of E. de Margerie, with much additional matter, as _La Face de la terre_, vols. i. and ii. (Paris, 1897, 1900), and into English by Dr Hertha Sollas as _The Face of the Earth_, vols. i. and ii. (Oxford, 1904, 1906). [23] Elie de Beaumont, _Notice sur les systemes de montagnes_ (3 vols., Paris, 1852). [24] _Vestiges of the Molten Globe_ (London, 1875).