Geulincx carried out to their extreme consequences the irreconcilable elements in the Cartesian metaphysics, and his works have the peculiar value attaching to the vigorous development of a one-sided principle. The abrupt contradictions to which such development leads of necessity compels revision of the principle itself. He was thus important as the precursor of Malebranche and Spinoza. Edition of his philosophical works by J. P. N. Land (1891-1893, for which a recently discovered MS. was consulted); see also the same editor's _Arnold Geulincx und seine Philosophie_ (1895), and article (translated) in _Mind_, xvi. 223 seq.; V. van der Haeghen, _Geulincx. Étude sur sa vie, sa philosophie, et ses ouvrages_ (Ghent, 1886); E. Grimm, _A. Geulincx' Erkenntnisstheorie und Occasionalismus_ (1875); E. Pfleiderer, _A. G. als Hauptvertreter der okkasionalistischen Metaphysik und Ethik_ (1882); G. Samtleben, _Geulincx, ein Vorgänger Spinozas_ (1885); also Falckenberg, _Hist. of Mod. Philos._ (Eng. trans., 1895), ch. iii.; G. Monchamp, _Hist. du Cartésianisme en Belgique_ (Brussels, 1886); H. Höffding, _Hist. of Mod. Philos._ (Eng. trans., 1900), i. 245. GEUM, in botany, a genus of hardy perennial herbs (natural order Rosaceae) containing about thirty species, widely distributed in temperate and arctic regions. The erect flowering shoots spring from a cluster of radical leaves, which are deeply cut or lobed, the largest division being at the top of the leaf. The flowers are borne singly on long stalks at the end of the stem or its branches. They are white, yellow or red in colour, and shallowly cup-shaped. The fruit consists of a number of dry achenes, each of which bears a hook formed from the persistent lower portion of the style, and admirably adapted for ensuring distribution. Two species occur in Britain under the popular name "avens." _G. urbanum_ is a very common hedge-bank plant with small yellow flowers; _G. rivale_ (water avens) is a rarer plant found by streams, and has larger yellow flowers an inch or more across. The species are easy to cultivate and well adapted for borders or the rock-garden. They are propagated by seeds or by division. The most popular garden species are _G. chiloense_ and its varieties, _G. coccineum_ and _G. montanum_. GEVELSBERG, a town of Germany, in the Prussian Rhine Province, 6 m. S.W. from Hagen, on the railway to Düsseldorf. It has two churches, schools and a hospital, and considerable manufactures of cutlery. Pop. (1905) 15,838.