Among his later historical works the most important is the _Geschichte der ost- u. westfränkischen Karolinger_ (Freiburg, 1848); but those on the pseudo-Isidorian Decretals (_Untersuchung über Alter, Ursprung, u. Werth der Decretalen des falschen Isidorus_, 1848), on the primitive history of mankind (_Urgeschichte des menschlichen Geschlechts_, 1855), on Hildebrand (_Papst Gregorius VII. u. sein Zeitalter_, 7 vols., 1859-1861), on the history of the 18th century (_Geschichte des 18ten Jahrhunderts_, 1862-1873), on German popular rights (_Zur Geschichte deutscher Volksrechte im Mittelalter_, Basel, 1865-1866) and on Byzantine history (_Byzantinische Geschichten_, 1872-1874), are also of real value. GHADAMES, GADAMES or RHADAMES, a town in an oasis of the same name, in that part of the Sahara which forms part of the Turkish vilayet of Tripoli. It is about 300 m. S.W. of the city of Tripoli and some 10 m. E. of the Algerian frontier. According to Gerhard Rohlfs, the last form given to the word most correctly represents the Arabic pronunciation, but the other forms are more often used in Europe. The streets of the town are narrow and vaulted and have been likened to the bewildering galleries of a coalpit. The roofs are laid out as gardens and preserved for the exclusive use of the women. The Ghadamsi merchants have been known for centuries as keen and adventurous traders, and their agents are to be found in the more important places of the western and central Sudan, such as Kano, Katsena, Kanem, Bornu, Timbuktu, as well as at Ghat and Tripoli. Ghadames itself is the centre of a large number of caravan routes, and in the early part of the 19th century about 30,000 laden camels entered its markets every year. The caravan trade was created by the Ghadamsi merchants who, aided by their superior intelligence, capacity and honesty, long enjoyed a monopoly. In 1873 Tripolitan merchants began to compete with them. In 1893 came the invasion of Bornu by Rabah, and the total stoppage of this caravan route for nearly ten years to the great detriment of the merchants of Ghadames. The caravans from Kano were also frequently pillaged by the Tuareg, so that the prosperity of the town declined. Later on, the opening of rapid means of transport from Kano and other cities to the Gulf of Guinea also affected Ghadames, which, however, maintains a considerable trade. The chief articles brought by the caravans are ostrich feathers, skins and ivory and one of the principal imports is tea. In 1845 the population was estimated at 3000, of whom about 500 were slaves and strangers, and upwards of 1200 children; in 1905 it amounted in round numbers to 7000. The inhabitants are chiefly Berbers and Arabs. A Turkish garrison is maintained in the town.