Sixty-nine works are ascribed to Ghazali (cf. C. Brockelmann's _Gesch. d. arabischen Litteratur_, i. 421-426, Weimar, 1898). The most important of those which have been published are: a treatise on eschatology called _Ad-durra ul-fakhira_ ("The precious pearl"), ed. L. Gautier (Geneva, 1878); the great work, _Ihya ul-`Ulum_ ("Revival of the sciences") (Bulaq, 1872; Cairo, 1889); see a commentary by al-Murtada called the Ithaf, published in 13 vols. at Fez, 1885-1887, and in 10 vols. at Cairo, 1893; the _Bidayat ul-Hidaya_ (Bulaq, 1870, and often at Cairo); a compendium of ethics, _Mizan ul-`Amal_, translated into Hebrew, ed. J. Goldenthal (Paris, 1839); a more popular treatise on ethics, the _Kimiya us-Sa`ada_, published at Lucknow, Bombay and Constantinople, ed. H. A. Homes as _The Alchemy of Happiness_ (Albany, N.Y., 1873); the ethical work _O Child_, ed. by Hammer-Purgstall in Arabic and German (Vienna, 1838); the _Destruction of Philosophers_ (_Tahafut ul-Falasifa_) (Cairo, 1885, and Bombay, 1887). Of this work a French translation was begun by Carra de Vaux in _Muséon_, vol. xviii. (1899); the _Maqasid ul-Falasifa_, of which the first part on logic was translated into Latin by Dom. Gundisalvi (Venice, 1506), ed. with notes by G. Beer (Leiden, 1888); the _Kitab ul-Munqid_, giving an account of the changes in his philosophical ideas, ed. by F. A. Schmölders in his _Essai sur les écoles philosophiques chez les Arabes_ (Paris, 1842), also printed at Constantinople, 1876, and translated into French by Barbier de Meynard in the _Journal asiatique_ (1877, i. 1-93); answers to questions asked of him ed. in Arabic and Hebrew, with German translation and notes by H. Malter (Frankfort, 1896); Eng. trans., _Confessions of al-Ghazzali_, by Claud Field (1909). For Ghazali's life see McG. de Slane's translation of Ibn Khallikan, ii. 621 ff.; R. Gösche's _Über Ghazzali's Leben und Werke_ (Berlin, 1859); D. B. Macdonald's "Life of al-Ghazzali," in _Journal of American Oriental Society_, vol. xx. (1899), and Carra de Vaux's _Gazali_ (Paris, 1902); see ARABIAN PHILOSOPHY. (G. W. T.) GHAZI (an Arabic word, from _ghaza_, to fight), the name given to Mahommedans who have vowed to exterminate unbelievers by the sword. It is also used as a title of honour, generally translated "the Victorious," in the Ottoman empire for military officers of high rank, who have distinguished themselves in the field against non-Moslem enemies; thus it was conferred on Osman Pasha after his famous defence of Plevna.