See L. A. Warnkönig, _Flandrische Staats- und Rechtsgeschichte bis 1305_ (3 vols., Tübingen, 1835-1842), and Gueldorf, _Hist. de Gand_, translated from Warnkönig, with corrections and additions (Brussels, 1846); F. de Potter, _Gent van den oudsten tijd tot heden_ (6 vols., Ghent, 1883-1891); Van Duyse, _Gand monumental et pittoresque_ (Brussels, 1886); de Vlaminck, _Les Origines de la ville de Gand_ (Brussels, 1891); _Annales Gandenses_, ed. G. Funck-Brentano (Paris, 1895); Vuylsteke, _Oorkondenboek der stad Gent_ (Ghent, 1900, &c.); Karl Hegel, _Städte und Gilden_ (Leipzig, 1891), vol. ii. p. 175, where further authorities are cited. For a comprehensive bibliography, including monographs and published documents, see Ulysse Chevalier, _Répertoire des sources hist. Topo-bibliogr._, s.v. "Gand." FOOTNOTE: [1] Bavo, or Allowin (c. 589-c. 653), patron saint of Ghent, was a nobleman converted by St Amandus, the apostle of Flanders. He lived first as an anchorite in the forest of Mendonk, and afterwards in the monastery founded with his assistance by Amandus at Ghent. GHETTO, formerly the street or quarter of a city in which Jews were compelled to live, enclosed by walls and gates which were locked each night. The term is now used loosely of any locality in a city or country where Jews congregate. The derivation of the word is doubtful. In documents of the 11th century the Jew-quarters in Venice and Salerno are styled "Judaca" or "Judacaria." At Capua in 1375 there was a place called San Nicolo ad Judaicam, and later elsewhere a quarter San Martino ad Judaicam. Hence it has been suggested Judaicam became Italian Giudeica and thence became corrupted into ghetto. Another theory traces it to "gietto," the common foundry at Venice near which was the first Jews' quarters of that city. More probably the word is an abbreviation of Italian _borghetto_ diminutive of _borgo_ a "borough." The earliest regular ghettos were established in Italy in the 11th century, though Prague is said to have had one in the previous century. The ghetto at Rome was instituted by Paul IV. in 1556. It lay between the Via del Pianto and Ponte del Quattro Capi, and comprised a few narrow and filthy streets. It lay so low that it was yearly flooded by the Tiber. The Jews had to sue annually for permission to live there, and paid a yearly tax for the privilege. This formality and tax survived till 1850. During three centuries there were constant changes in the oppressive regulations imposed upon the Jews by the popes. In 1814 Pius VII. allowed a few Jews to live outside the ghetto, and in 1847 Pius IX. decided to destroy the gates and walls, but public opinion hindered him from carrying out his plans. In 1870 the Jews petitioned Pius IX. to abolish the ghetto; but it was to Victor Emmanuel that this reform was finally due. The walls remained until 1885.