But this consequence follows only upon the
assumption that the work of the mind is arbitrary, an assumption shown to
be unjustified by the results of exact science, with the distinction,
universally recognized, which such science draws between truth and
falsehood, between the real and "mere ideas." This (obviously valid)
distinction logically involves the consequence that the object, or
content, of knowledge, viz. reality, is an intelligible ideal reality, a
system of thought relations, a spiritual cosmos. How is the existence of
this ideal whole to be accounted for? Only by the existence of some
"principle which renders all relations possible and is itself determined
by none of them"; an eternal self-consciousness which knows in whole what
we know in part. To God the world _is_, to man the world _becomes_. Human
experience is God gradually made manifest.
Carrying on the same analytical method into the special department of
moral philosophy, Green held that ethics applies to the peculiar
conditions of social life that investigation into man's nature which
metaphysics began. The faculty employed in this further investigation is
no "separate moral faculty," but that same reason which is the source of
all our knowledge--ethical and other. Self-reflection gradually reveals
to us human capacity, human function, with, consequently, human
responsibility. It brings out into clear consciousness certain
potentialities in the realization of which man's true good must consist.
As the result of this analysis, combined with an investigation into the
surroundings man lives in, a "content"--a moral code--becomes gradually
evolved. Personal good is perceived to be realizable only by making
actual the conceptions thus arrived at. So long as these remain
potential or ideal, they form the motive of action; motive consisting
always in the idea of some "end" or "good" which man presents to himself
as an end in the attainment of which he would be satisfied, that is, in
the realization of which he would find his true self. The determination
to realize the self in some definite way constitutes an "act of will,"
which, as thus constituted, is neither arbitrary nor externally
determined. For the motive which may be said to be its cause lies _in_
the man himself, and the identification of the self with such a motive
is a _self_-determination, which is at once both rational and free. The
"freedom of man" is constituted, not by a supposed ability to do
anything he may choose, but in the power to identify himself with that
true good which reason reveals to him as _his_ true good. This good
consists in the realization of personal character; hence the final good,
i.e. the moral ideal, as a whole, can be realized only in some society
of persons who, while remaining ends to themselves in the sense that
their individuality is not lost but rendered more perfect, find this
perfection attainable only when the separate individualities are
integrated as part of a social whole.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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