(Leipzig, 1894); A. Hauck, _Kirchengeschichte Deutschlands_ (3 vols., Leipzig, 1894). The special literature on individual events during the Gregorian pontificate is so extensive that no list can be given here. On Gregory's elevation to the chair, cf. C. Mirbt, _Die Wahl Gregors VII._ (Marburg, 1892). See also A. H. Mathew, D.D., _Life and Times of Hildebrand, Pope Gregory VII._ (1910). (C. M.) GREGORY VIII. (_Mauritius Burdinus_), antipope from 1118 to 1121, was a native of southern France, who had crossed the Pyrenees while young and had later been made archbishop of Braga. Suspended by Paschal II. in 1114 on account of a dispute with the Spanish primate and papal legate, the archbishop of Toledo, he went to Rome and regained favour to such an extent that he was employed by the pope on important legations. He opposed the extreme Hildebrandine policy, and, on the refusal of Gelasius II. to concede the emperor's claim to investiture, he was proclaimed pope at Rome by Henry V. on the 8th of March 1118. He was not universally recognized, however, and never fully enjoyed the papal office. He was excommunicated by Gelasius II. in April 1118, and by Calixtus II. at the synod of Reims (October 1119). He was driven from Rome by the latter in June 1121, and, having been surrendered by the citizens of Sutri, he was forced to accompany in ridiculous guise the triumphal procession of Calixtus through Rome. He was exiled to the convent of La Cava, where he died. The life of Gregory VIII. by Baluzius in _Baluzii miscellanea_, vol. i, ed. by J. D. Mansi (Lucca, 1761), is an excellent vindication of an antipope. The chief sources are in _Monumenta Germaniae historica_, _Scriptores_, vols. 5 and 20, and in J. M. Watterich, _Pontif. Roman. vitae_, vol. 2. See C. Mirbt, _Die Publizistik im Zeitalter Gregors VII._ (Leipzig, 1894); J. Langen, _Geschichte der romischen Kirche von Gregor VII. bis Innocenz III._ (Bonn, 1893); Jaffe, _Regesta pontif. Roman._, 2nd ed., (1885-1888); K. J. von Hefele, _Conciliengeschichte_, Bd. 5, 2nd ed.; F. Gregorovius, _Rome in the Middle Ages_, vol. 4, trans. by Mrs G. W. Hamilton (London, 1900-1902); P. B. Gams, _Kirchengeschichte von Spanien_, vol. 3 (Regensburg, 1876).