AUTHORITIES.--De Colyar, _Law of Guarantees and of Principal and Surety_ (3rd ed., 1897); American edition, by J. A. Morgan (1875); Throop, _Validity of Verbal Agreements_; Fell, _Guarantees_ (2nd ed.); Theobald, _Law of Principal and Surety_; Brandt, _Law of Suretyships and Guarantee_; article by de Colyar in _Journal of Comparative Legislation_ (1905), on "Suretyship from the Standpoint of Comparative Jurisprudence." (H. A. de C.) GUARATINGUETA, a city of Brazil In the eastern part of the state of Sao Paulo, 124 m. N.E. of the city of Sao Paulo. Pop. (1890) of the municipality, which includes a large rural district and the villages of Apparecida and Roseira, 30,690. The city, which was founded in 1651, stands on a fertile plain 3 m. from the Parahyba river, and is the commercial centre of one of the oldest agricultural districts of the state. The district produces large quantities of coffee, and some sugar, Indian corn and beans. Cattle and pigs are raised. The city dwellings are for the most part constructed of rough wooden frames covered with mud, called _taipa_ by the natives, and roofed with curved tiles. The Sao Paulo branch of the Brazilian Central railway passes through the city, by which it is connected with Rio de Janeiro on one side and Sao Paulo and Santos on the other. GUARDA, an episcopal city and the capital of an administrative district bearing the same name, and formerly in the province of Beira, Portugal; on the Guarda-Abrantes and Lisbon-Villar Formoso railways. Pop. (1900) 6124. Guarda is situated 3370 ft. above sea-level, at the north-eastern extremity of the Serra da Estrella, overlooking the fertile valley of the river Coa. It is surrounded by ancient walls, and contains a ruined castle, a fine 16th-century cathedral and a sanatorium for consumptives. Its industries comprise the manufacture of coarse cloth and the sale of grain, wine and live stock. In 1199 Guarda was founded, on the site of the Roman Lencia Oppidana, by Sancho I. of Portugal, who intended it, as its name implies, to be a "guard" against Moorish invasion. The administrative district of Guarda coincides with north-eastern Beira; pop. (1900), 261,630; area, 1065 sq. m.