_History._--The history of the Dutch in Guiana, and the compression of their influence within its present limits, belongs to the general history of Guiana (above). Surinam and the Dutch islands of the West Indies were placed under a common government in 1828, the governor residing at Paramaribo, but in 1845 they were separated. Slavery was abolished in 1863. Labour then became difficult to obtain, and in 1870 a convention was signed between Holland and England for the regulation of the coolie traffic, and a Dutch government agent for Surinam was appointed at Calcutta. The problem was never satisfactorily solved, but the interest of the mother-country in the colony greatly increased during the last twenty years of the 19th century, as shown by the establishment of the Surinam Association, of the Steam Navigation Company's service to Paramaribo, and by the formation of a botanical garden for experimental culture at that town, as also by geological and other scientific expeditions, and the exhibition at Haarlem in 1898. AUTHORITIES.--Among the older works on Surinam the first rank is held by Jan Jacob Hartsinck's masterly _Beschryving van Guiana, of de Wilde Kust, in Zuid Amerika_ (2 vols., Amsterdam, 1770). Extracts from this work, selected for their bearing upon British boundary questions, were translated and annotated by J. A. J. de Villiers (London, 1897). A valuable _Geschiedenis der Kolonie van Suriname_, by a number of "learned Jews," was published at Amsterdam in 1791 and it was supplemented and so far superseded by Wolbers, _Geschiedenis van Suriname_ (Amsterdam, 1861). See further W. G. Palgrave, _Dutch Guiana_ (London, 1876); A. Kappler, _Surinam, sein Land, &c._ (Stuttgart, 1887); Prince Roland Bonaparte, _Les Habitants de Surinam_ (Paris, 1884); K. Martin, "Bericht uber eine Reise ins Gebiet des Oberen-Surinam," _Bijdragen v. h. Inst. voor Taal Land en Volkenkunde_, i. 1. (The Hague); Westerouen van Meeteren, _La Guyane neerlandaise_ (Leiden, 1884); H. Ten Kate, "Een en ander over Suriname," _Gids_ (1888); G. Verschuur, "Voyages aux trois Guyanes," _Tour du monde_ (1893). pp. 1, 49, 65; W. L. Loth, _Beknopte Aardrijkskundige beschrijving van Suriname_ (Amsterdam, 1898), and _Tijdschrift van het Aardrijkskundig Genootschap_ (1878), 79, 93; Asch van Wyck, "La Colonie de Surinam," _Les Pays-Bas_ (1898); L. Thompson, _Overzicht der Geschiedenis van Suriname_ (The Hague, 1901); _Catalogus der Nederl. W. I. ten Toonstelling te Haarlem_ (1899); _Guide a travers la section des Indes neerlandaises_, p. 323 (Amsterdam, 1899); _Surinaamsche Almanak_ (Paramaribo, annually). For the language of the bush-negroes see Wullschlaegel, _Kurzgefasste neger-englische Grammatik_ (Bautzen, 1854), and _Deutsch neger-englisches Worterbuch_ (Lobau, 1865). French Guiana.