in the 16th century, and show that Guicciardini regarded Machiavelli somewhat as an amiable visionary or political enthusiast; (3) the _Storia Fiorentina_, an early work of the author, distinguished by its animation of style, brilliancy of portraiture, and liberality of judgment; and (4) the _Dialogo del reggimento di Firenze_, also in all probability an early work, in which the various forms of government suited to an Italian commonwealth are discussed with infinite subtlety, contrasted, and illustrated from the vicissitudes of Florence up to the year 1494. To these may be added a series of short essays, entitled _Discorsi politici_, composed during Guicciardini's Spanish legation. It is only after a careful perusal of these minor works that the student of history may claim to have comprehended Guicciardini, and may feel that he brings with him to the consideration of the _Storia d' Italia_ the requisite knowledge of the author's private thoughts and jealously guarded opinions. Indeed, it may be confidently affirmed that those who desire to gain an insight into the true principles and feelings of the men who made and wrote history in the 16th century will find it here far more than in the work designed for publication by the writer. Taken in combination with Machiavelli's treatises, the _Opere inedite_ furnish a comprehensive body of Italian political philosophy anterior to the date of Fra Paolo Sarpi. (J. A. S.) See Rosini's edition oi the _Storia d' Italia_ (10 vols., Pisa, 1819), and the _Opere inedite_, in 10 vols., published at Florence, 1857. A complete and initial edition of Guicciardini's works is now in preparation in the hands of Alessandro Gherardi of the Florence archives. Among the many studies on Guicciardini we may mention Agostino Rossi's _Francesco Guicciardini e il governo Fiorentino_ (2 vols., Bologna, 1896), based on many new documents; F. de Sanctis's essay "L'Uomo del Guicciardini," in his _Nuovi Saggi critici_ (Naples, 1879), and many passages in Professor P. Villari's _Machiavelli_ (Eng. trans., 1892); E. Benoist's _Guichardin, historien et homme d'etat italien an XVI^e siecle_ (Paris, 1862), and C. Gioda's _Francesco Guicciardini e le sue opere inedite_ (Bologna, 1880) are not without value, but the authors had not had access to many important documents since published. See also Geoffrey's article "Une Autobiographie de Guichardin d'apres ses oeuvres inedites," in the _Revue des deux mondes_ (1st of February 1874).