Petite Louison_, but the mind of the nation seems soon to have reverted to Guillotine, who first suggested its use; and in the _Journal des revolutions de Paris_ for 28th April 1792 it is mentioned as _la guillotine_, a name which it thenceforth bore both popularly and officially. In 1795 the question was much debated as to whether or not death by the guillotine was instantaneous, and in support of the negative side the case of Charlotte Corday was adduced whose countenance, it is said, blushed as if with indignation when the executioner, holding up the head to the public gaze, struck it with his fist. The connexion of the instrument with the horrors of the Revolution has hindered its introduction into other countries, but in 1853 it was adopted under the name of _Fallschwert_ or _Fallbeil_ by the kingdom of Saxony; and it is used for the execution of sentences of death in France, Belgium and some parts of Germany. It has often been stated that Dr Guillotine perished by the instrument which bears his name, but it is beyond question that he survived the Revolution and died a natural death in 1814. See Sedillot, _Reflexions historiques et physiologiques sur le supplice de la guillotine_ (1795); Sue, _Opinion sur le supplice de la guillotine_, (1796); Reveille-Parise, _Etude biographique sur Guillotine_ (Paris, 1851); _Notice historique et physiologique sur le supplice de la guillotine_ (Paris, 1830); Louis Dubois, _Recherches historiques et physiologiques sur la guillotine et details sur Sanson_ (Paris, 1843); and a paper by J. W. Croker in the _Quarterly Review_ for December 1843, reprinted separately in 1850 under the title _The Guillotine, a historical Essay_. GUILT, a lapse from duty, a crime, now usually the fact of wilful wrong-doing, the condition of being guilty of a crime, hence conduct deserving of punishment. The O. Eng. form of the word is _gylt_. The _New English Dictionary_ rejects for phonetic reasons the usually accepted connexion with the Teutonic root _gald_-, to pay, seen in Ger. _gelten_, to be of value, _Geld_, money, payment, English "yield."