disgrace. His bold and vigorous language aptly expressed the thoughts which had long been secretly stirring Russian minds, and were now beginning to find a timid utterance at home. For some years his influence in Russia was a living force, the circulation of his writings was a vocation zealously pursued. Stories tell how on one occasion a merchant, who had bought several cases of sardines at Nijni-Novgorod, found that they contained forbidden print instead of fish, and at another time a supposititious copy of the _Kolokol_ was printed for the emperor's special use, in which a telling attack upon a leading statesman, which had appeared in the genuine number, was omitted. At length the sweeping changes introduced by Alexander II. greatly diminished the need for and appreciation of Hertzen's assistance in the work of reform. The freedom he had demanded for the serfs was granted, the law-courts he had so long denounced were remodelled, trial by jury was established, liberty was to a great extent conceded to the press. It became clear that Hertzen's occupation was gone. When the Polish insurrection of 1863 broke out, and he pleaded the insurgents' cause, his reputation in Russia received its death-blow. From that time it was only with the revolutionary party that he was in full accord. In 1873 a collection of his works in French was commenced in Paris. A volume of posthumous works, in Russian, was published at Geneva in 1870. His _Memoirs_ supply the principal information about his life, a sketch of which appears also in A. von Wurzbach's _Zeitgenossen_, pt. 7 (Vienna, 1871). See also the _Revue des deux mondes_ for July 15 and Sept. 1, 1854. _Kto Vinovat?_ has been translated into German under the title of _Wer ist schuld?_ in Wolffsohn's _Russlands Novellendichter_, vol. iii. The title of _My Exile in Siberia_ is misleading; he was never in that country. (W. R. S.-R.)