HETERONOMY (from Gr. [Greek: heteros] and [Greek: nomos], the rule of another), the state of being under the rule of another person. In ethics the term is specially used as the antithesis of "autonomy," which, especially in Kantian terminology, treats of the true self as will, determining itself by its own law, the moral law. "Heteronomy" is therefore applied by Kant to all other ethical systems, inasmuch as they place the individual in subjection to external laws of conduct. HETMAN (a Polish word, probably derived from the Ger. _Hauptmann_, head-man or captain; the Russian form is _ataman_), a military title formerly in use in Poland; the _Hetman Wielki_, or Great Hetman, was the chief of the armed forces of the nation, and commanded in the field, except when the king was present in person. The office was abolished in 1792. From Poland the word was introduced into Russia, in the form _ataman_, and was adopted by the Cossacks, as a title for their head, who was practically an independent prince, when under the suzerainty of Poland. After the acceptance of Russian rule by the Cossacks in 1654, the post was shorn of its power. The title of "ataman" or "hetman of all the Cossacks" is held by the Cesarevitch. "Ataman" or "hetman" is also the name of the elected elder of the _stanitsa_, the unit of Cossack administration. (See COSSACKS.) HETTNER, HERMANN THEODOR (1821-1882), German literary historian and writer on the history of art, was born at Leisersdorf, near Goldberg, in Silesia, on the 12th of March 1821. At the universities of Berlin, Halle and Heidelberg he devoted himself chiefly to the study of philosophy, but in 1843 turned his attention to aesthetics, art and literature. With a view to furthering these studies, he spent three years in Italy, and, on his return, published a _Vorschule zur bildenden Kunst der Alten_ (1848) and an essay on _Die neapolitanischen Malerschulen_. He became _Privatdozent_ for aesthetics and the history of art at Heidelberg and, after the publication of his suggestive volume on _Die romantische Schule in ihrem Zusammenhang mit Goethe und Schiller_ (1850), accepted a call as professor to Jena where he lectured on the history of both art and literature. In 1855 he was appointed director of the royal collections of antiquities and the museum of plaster casts at Dresden, to which posts were subsequently added that of director of the historical museum and a professorship at the royal _Polytechnikum_. He died in Dresden on the 29th of May 1882. Hettner's chief work is his _Literaturgeschichte des 18ten Jahrhunderts_, which appeared in three parts, devoted respectively to English, French and German literature, between 1856 and 1870 (5th ed. of I. and II., revised by A. Brandl and H. Morf, 1894; 4th of III., revised by O. Harnack, 1894). Although to some extent influenced by the political and literary theories of the Hegelian school, which, since