Apart from these two works Hickes was a voluminous and laborious author. His earliest writings, which were anonymous, were suggested by contemporary events in Scotland that gave him great satisfaction--the execution of James Mitchell on a charge of having attempted to murder Archbishop Sharp, and that of John Kid and John King, Presbyterian ministers, "for high treason and rebellion" (_Ravillac Redivivus_, 1678; _The Spirit of Popery speaking out of the Mouths of Phanatical Protestant_s, 1680). In his _Jovian_ (an answer to S. Johnson's _Julian the Apostate_, 1683), he endeavoured to show that the Roman empire was not hereditary, and that the Christians under Julian had recognized the duty of passive obedience. His two treatises, one _Of the Christian Priesthood_ and the other _Of the Dignity of the Episcopal Order_, originally published in 1707, have been more than once reprinted, and form three volumes of the _Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology_ (1847). In 1705 and 1710 were published _Collections of Controversial Letters_, in 1711 a collection of _Sermons_, and in 1726 a volume of _Posthumous Discourses_. Other treatises, such as the _Apologetical Vindication of the Church of England_, are to be met with in Edmund Gibson's _Preservative against Popery_. There is a manuscript in the Bodleian Library which sketches his life to the year 1689, and many of his letters are extant in various collections. A posthumous publication of his _The Constitution of the Catholick Church and the Nature and Consequences of Schism_ (1716) gave rise to the celebrated Bangorian controversy. See the article by the Rev. W. D. Macray in the _Dictionary of National Biography_, vol. xxvi. (1891); and J. H. Overton, _The Nonjurors_ (1902). HICKOK, LAURENS PERSEUS (1798-1888), American philosopher and divine, was born at Bethel, Connecticut, on the 29th of December 1798. He took his degree at Union College in 1820. Until 1836 he was occupied in active pastoral work, and was then appointed professor of theology at the Western Reserve College, Ohio, and later (1844-1852) at the Auburn (N.Y.) Theological Seminary. From this post he was elected vice-president of Union College and professor of mental and moral science. In 1866 he succeeded Dr E. Nott as president, but in July 1868 retired to Amherst, Massachusetts, where he devoted himself to writing and study. A collected edition of his principal works was published at Boston in 1875. He died at Amherst on the 7th of May 1888. He wrote _Rational Psychology_ (1848), _System of Moral Science_ (1853), _Empirical Psychology_ (1854), _Rational Cosmology_ (1858), _Creator and Creation, or the Knowledge in the Reason of God and His Work_ (1872), _Humanity Immortal_ (1872), _Logic of Reason_ (1874).