This expansion of interest has intensified specialization. Historians no longer attempt to write world histories; they form associations of specialists for the purpose. Each historian chooses his own epoch or century and his own subject, and spends his life mastering such traces of it as he can find. His work there enables him to judge of the methods of his fellows, but his own remains restricted by the very wealth of material which has been accumulated on the single subject before him. Thus the great enterprises of to-day are co-operative--the _Cambridge Modern History_, Lavisse and Rambaud's _Histoire generale_, or Lavisse's _Histoire de France_, like Hunt and Poole's _Political History of England_, and Oncken's _Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen_. But even these vast sets cover but the merest fraction of their subjects. The Cambridge history passes for the most part along the political crust of society, and seldom glances at the social forces within. This limitation of the professed historian is made up for by the growingly historical treatment of all the sciences and arts--a tendency noted before, to which this edition of the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_ is itself a notable witness. Indeed, for a definition of that limitless subject which includes all the phenomena that stand the warp and stress of change, one might adapt a famous epitaph--_si historiam requiris, circumspice_. BIBLIOGRAPHY.--See Ch. V. Langlois, _Manuel de bibliographie historique_ (2 vols., 1904). This forms the logical bibliography of this article. It is a general survey of the whole apparatus of historical research, and is the indispensable guide to the subject. Similar bibliographies covering sections of history are noted with the articles where they properly belong, e.g. in English medieval history the manual of Chas. Gross, _Sources and Literature of English History_; in German history the _Quellenkunde_ of Dahlmann-Waitz (7th ed.); for France the _Bibliographie de l'histoire de France_ of G. Monod (antiquated, 1888), or the _Sources de l'histoire de France_ so ably begun by A. Molinier's volumes on the medieval period. Perhaps the sanest survey of the present scientific movement in history is the clear summary of Ch. V. Langlois and Ch. Seignobos, _Introduction to the Study of History_ (trans. with preface by F. York Powell, London, 1898). Much more ambitious is E. Bernheim's _Lehrbuch der historischen Methode und der Geschichtsphilosophie mit Nachweis der wichtigsten Quellen und Hilfsmittel zum Studium der Geschichte_ (3rd and 4th ed., Leipzig, 1903). (J. T. S.*)