sagacity. As a historian, however, some of his speculations have been considered fanciful. "He places the cradle of the Israelites in the south of Arabia, and, like many other critics, makes the historical times begin only with Moses" (F. Lichtenberger, _History of German Theology_, p. 569). His lectures on biblical theology (_Vorlesungen uber biblische Theologie u. messianische Weissagungen_) were published in 1880 after his death, along with a portrait and biographical sketch by his pupil, J. J. Kneucker (b. 1840), professor of theology at Heidelberg. See Heinrich Steiner, _Ferdinand Hitzig_ (1882); and Adolf Kamphausen's article in Herzog-Hauck's _Realencyklopadie_. HIUNG-NU, HIONG-NU, HEUNG-NU, a people who about the end of the 3rd century B.C. formed, according to Chinese records, a powerful empire from the Great Wall of China to the Caspian. Their ethnical affinities have been much discussed; but it is most probable that they were of the Turki stock, as were the Huns, their later western representatives. They are the first Turkish people mentioned by the Chinese. A theory which seems plausible is that which assumes them to have been a heterogenous collection of Mongol, Tungus, Turki and perhaps even Finnish hordes under a Mongol military caste, though the Mongolo-Tungus element probably predominated. Towards the close of the 1st century of the Christian era the Hiung-nu empire broke up. Their subsequent history is obscure. Some of them seem to have gone westward and settled on the Ural river. These, de Guiques suggests, were the ancestors of the Huns, and many ethnologists hold that the Hiung-nu were the ancestors of the modern Turks. See _Journal Anthropological Institute_ for 1874; Sir H. H. Howorth, _History of the Mongols_ (1876-1880); 6th Congress of Orientalists, Leiden, 1883 (_Actes_, part iv. pp. 177-195); de Guiques, _Histoire generale des Huns, des Turcs, des Mongoles, et des autres Tartares occidentaux_ (1756-1758). HIVITES, an ancient tribe of Palestine driven out by the invading Israelites. In Josh. ix. 7, xi. 19 they are connected with Gibeon. The meaning of the name is uncertain; Wellhausen derives it from [Hebrew: Hava] "Eve," or "serpent," in which case the Hivites were originally the snake clan; others explain it from the Arabic _hayy_, "family," as meaning "dwellers in (Bedouin) encampments." (See PALESTINE; JEWS.)