_Biographical and Critical Works._--There are three accounts of Hobbes's life, first published together in 1681, two years after his death, by R. B. (Richard Blackbourne, a friend of Hobbes's admirer, John Aubrey), and reprinted, with complimentary verses by Cowley and others, at the beginning of Sir W. Molesworth's collection of the _Latin Works_: (1) _T. H. Malmesb. vita_ (pp. xiii.-xxi.), written by Hobbes himself, or (as also reported) by T. Rymer, at his dictation; (2) _Vitae Hobbianae auctarium_ (pp. xxii.-lxxx.), turned into Latin from Aubrey's English; (3) _T. H. Malmesb. vita carmine expressa_ (pp. lxxxi.-xcix.), written by Hobbes at the age of eighty-four (first published by itself in 1680). The _Life of Mr T. H. of Malmesburie_, printed among the _Lives of Eminent Men_, in 1813, from Aubrey's papers in the Bodleian, &c. (vol. ii. pt. ii. pp. 593-637), contains some interesting particulars not found in the _Auctarium_. All that is of any importance for Hobbes's life is contained in G. Croom Robertson's _Hobbes_ (1886) in Blackwood's Philosophical Classics, and Sir Leslie Stephen's _Hobbes_ (1904) in the "English Men of Letters" series, both of which deal fully with his philosophy also. See also F. Tonnies, _Hobbes Leben und Lehre_ (1896), _Hobbes-Analekten_ (1904 foll.); G. Zart, _Einfluss der englischen Philosophie seit Bacon auf die deutsche Philosophie des 18ten Jahrh._ (Berlin, 1881); G. Brandt, _Thomas Hobbes: Grundlinien seiner Philosophie_ (1895); G. Lyon, _La Philos. de Hobbes_ (1893); J. M. Robertson, _Pioneer Humanists_ (1907); J. Rickaby, _Free Will and Four English Philosophers_ (1906), pp. 1-72; J. Watson, _Hedonistic Theories_ (1895); W. Graham, _English Political Philosophy from Hobbes to Maine_ (1899); W. J. H. Campion, _Outlines of Lectures on Political Science_ (1895). (G. C. R.; X.) FOOTNOTES: