wounded hippopotamus which Sir S. Baker saw leaving the water and galloping inland, he writes: "I never could have imagined that so unwieldy an animal could have exhibited such speed. No man could have had a chance of escape." The hippopotamus does not confine itself to rivers and lakes, but has been known to prefer the waters of the ocean as its home during the day. Of a mild and inoffensive disposition, it seeks to avoid collision with man; when wounded, however, or in defence of its young, it exhibits great ferocity, and native canoes are capsized and occasionally demolished by its infuriated attacks; the bellowing grunt then becoming loud enough to be heard a mile away. As among elephants, so also among hippopotamuses there are "rogues"--old bulls which have become soured in solitude, and are at all times dangerous. Assuming the offensive on every occasion, they attack all and sundry without shadow of provocation; and the natives avoid their haunts, which are usually well known. The only other living species is the pygmy hippopotamus, _H. (Choeropsis) liberiensis_, of West Africa, an animal not larger than a clumsily made pig of full dimensions, and characterized by having generally one (in place of two) pair of incisors. It is much less aquatic than its giant relative, having, in fact, the habits of a pig. A small extinct species (_H. lemerlei_) inhabited Madagascar at a comparatively recent date; while other dwarf kinds were natives of Crete (_H. minutus_) and Malta and Sicily (_H. pentlandi_) during the Pleistocene. A large form of the ordinary species (_H. amphibius major_) was distributed over Europe as far north as Yorkshire at the same epoch; while an allied species (_H. palaeindicus_) inhabited Pleistocene India. Contemporary with the latter was, however, a species (_H. namadicus_) with three pairs of incisors; and "hexaprotodont" hippopotamuses are also characteristic of the Pliocene of India and Burma (_H. sivalensis_ and _H. iravadicus_), and of Algeria, Egypt and southern Europe (_H. hipponensis_). For the ancestral genera of the hippopotamus line, see ARTIODACTYLA. (R. L.*)