HYMEN, or HYMENAEUS, originally the name of the song sung at marriages among the Greeks. As usual the name gradually produced the idea of an actual person whose adventures gave rise to the custom of this song. He occurs often in association with Linus and Ialemus, who represent similar personifications, and is generally called a son of Apollo and a Muse. As the son of Dionysus and Aphrodite, he was regarded as a god of fruitfulness. In Attic legend he was a beautiful youth who, being in love with a girl, followed her in a procession to Eleusis disguised as a woman, and saved the whole band from pirates. As reward he obtained the girl in marriage, and his happy married life caused him ever afterwards to be invoked in marriage songs (Servius on Virgil, _Aen._ i. 651). According to another story, he was a youth who was killed by the fall of his house on his wedding day; hence he was invoked, to propitiate him and avert a similar fate from others (Servius, loc. cit.). He is represented in works of art as an effeminate-looking, winged youth, carrying a bridal torch and wearing a nuptial veil. The marriage song was sung, with musical accompaniment, during the procession of the bride from her parents' house to that of the bridegroom, Hymenaeus being invoked at the end of each portion. See R. Schmidt, _De Hymenaeo el Talasio_ (1886), and J. A. Hild in Daremberg and Saglis's _Dictionnaire des antiquités_. HYMENOPTERA (Gr. [Greek: hymên], a membrane, and [Greek: pteron], a wing), a term used in zoological classification for one of the most important orders of the class _Hexapoda_ (q.v.). The order was founded by Linnaeus (_Systema Naturae_, 1735), and is still recognized by all naturalists in the sense proposed by him, to include the saw-flies, gall-flies, ichneumon-flies and their allies, ants, wasps and bees. The relationship of the Hymenoptera to other orders of insects is discussed in the article HEXAPODA, but it may be mentioned here that in structure the highest members of the order are remarkably specialized, and that in the perfection of their instincts they stand at the head of all insects and indeed of all invertebrate animals. About 30,000 species of Hymenoptera are now known. [Illustration: After C. L. Marlatt, _Bur. Ent. Bull. 3, N.S., U.S. Dept. Agric._ FIG. 1.--A, Front of head of Saw-fly (_Pachynematus_); a, labrum; b, clypeus; c, vertex; d, d, antennal cavities. C and D, Mandibles. E, First maxilla; a, cardo; b, stipes; c, galea; d, lacinia; e, palp. B, Second maxillae (Labium); a, mentum; b, ligula (between the two galeae); c, c, palps. Magnified.] [Illustration: FIG. 2.--Jaws of Hive-bee (_Apis mellifica_). Magnified about 6½ times. a, mandible; b, c, palp and lacinia of first maxilla; d, e, g, h, mentum, palp, fused laciniae (ligula or "tongue") and galea of 2nd maxillae.] [Illustration: After C. Janet, _Mem. Soc. Zool. France_ (1898).