SOURCES.--"Acts of the Seventh Ecumenical Council held in Nicaea, 787," in Mansi's _Concilia_, vols. xii. and xiii.; "Acts of the Iconoclast Council of 815," in a treatise of Nicephorus discovered by M. Serruys and printed in the _Séances Acad. des Inscript._ (May 1903); Theophanes, _Chronographia_, edit. de Boor (Leipzig, 1883-1885); and _Patr. Gr._ vol. 108. Also his "Continuators" in _Patr. Gr._ vol. 109; Nicephorus, _Chronicon_, edit. de Boor (Leipzig, 1880), and _Patr. Gr._ vol. 100; Georgius Monachus, _Chronicon_, edit. Muralt (Petersburg, 1859), and _Patr. Gr._ 110; anonymous "Life of Leo the Armenian" in _Patr. Gr._ 108; _The Book of the Kings_, by Joseph Genesios, _Patr. Gr._ 109; "Life of S. Stephanus, Junior," _Patr. Gr._ 100; "St John of Damascus," three "Sermones" against the iconoclasts, _Patr. Gr._ 95; Nicephorus Patriarch, "Antirrhetici," _Patr. Gr._ 100; Theodore Studita, "Antirrhetici," _Patr. Gr. 99_. For bibliography of contemporary hymns, letters, &c., bearing on the controversy see K. Krumbacher's _History of Byzantine Literature_, 2nd ed. p. 674. Literature: Louis Brehier, _La Querelle des images_, and _Les Origines du crucifix_ (Paris, 1904); Librairie Blond, in French, each volume 60 centimes (brief but admirable); Karl Schwartzlose, _Der Bilderstreit_ (Gotha, 1890); Karl Schenk, "The Emperor Leo III.," in _Byzant. Zeitschrift_ (1896, German); Tel. Uspenskij, _Skizzen zur Geschichte der byzantinischen Kultur_ (St Petersburg, 1892, Russian); Lombard, _Études d'histoire byzantine_; Constantine V.( Paris, 1902, _Biblioth. de l'université de Paris_, xvi.); A. Tougard, _La Persécution iconoclaste_ (Paris, 1897); and _Rev. des questions historiques_ (1891); Marin, _Les Moines de Constantinople_ (Paris, 1897, bk. iv. _Les Moines et les empereurs iconoclastes_); Alice Gardner, Theodore of Studium (London, 1905); Louis Maimbourg, _Histoire de l'hérésie des iconoclastes_ (Paris, 1679-1683); J. Daillé (Dallaeus), _De imaginibus_ (Leiden, 1642, and in French, Geneva, 1641); Spanheim, _Historia imaginum_ (Leiden, 1686). See also the account of this epoch in the _Histories_ of Neander, Gibbon and Milman; Aug. Fr. Gfrörer, "Der Bildersturm" in _Byzantinische Geschichte 2_ (1873); C. J. von Hefele, _Conciliengeschichte_ 3 (1877), 366 ff. (also in English translation; Karl Krumbacher. _Byzant. Literaturgeschichte_ (2nd ed. p. 1090). (F. C. C.) FOOTNOTES: [1] "Placuit picturas in ecclesia esse non debere, ne quod colitur et adoratur in parietibus depingatur." See Hefele, _Conciliengesch_. i. 170. [2] The letter, which is most probably, though not certainly, genuine, appears in the _Acta_ of the second council of Nice.