(1) The palatalization of _k_ and _g_ before a following _i_ or _e_, or consonant _i_ as in _tiçit_ (i.e. _diçit_) = Lat. _decet_; _muieto_ past part. passive (pronounced as though the _i_ were an English or French _j_) beside Umb. imperative _mugatu_, Lat. _mugire_. (2) The loss of final -_d_, e.g. in the abl. sing. fem. Umb. _tota_ = Osc. _toutad_. (3) The change of _d_ between vowels to a sound akin to _r_, written by a special symbol q (_d_) in Umbrian alphabet and by RS in Latin alphabet, e.g. _teda_ in Umbrian alphabet = _dirsa_ in Latin alphabet (see below), "let him give," exactly equivalent to Paelignian _dida_ (see PAELIGNI). (4) The change of -_s_- to -_r_- between vowels as in _erom_, "esse" = Osc. _ezum_, and the gen. plur. fem. ending in -_aru_ = Lat. -_arum_, Osc. -_azum_. To this there appear a long string of exceptions, e.g. _asa_ = Lat. _ara_. These are generally regarded as mere archaisms, and unfortunately the majority of them are in words of whose origin and meaning very little is known, so that (for all we can tell) in many the -_s_- may represent -_ss_- or -_ps_- as in _osatu_ = Lat. _operato_, cf. Osc. _opsaom_. (5) The change of final -_ns_ to -_f_ as in the acc. plur. masc. _vitluf_ = Lat. _vitulos_. (6) In the latest stage of the dialect (see below) the change of final -_s_ to -_r_, as in abl. plur. _arver_, _arviis_, i.e. "arvorum frugibus." (7) The decay of all diphthongs; _ai_, _oi_, _ei_ all become a monophthong variously written _e_ and _i_ (rarely _ei_), as in the dat. sing. fem. _tote_, "civitati"; dat. sing. masc. _pople_, "populo"; loc. sing. masc. _onse_ (from *_om(e)sei_), "in umero." So _au_, _eu_, _ou_ all become _o_, as in _ote_ = Osc. _auti_, Lat. _aut_. (8) The change of initial _l_ to _v_, as in _vutu_ = Lat. _lavito_. Owing to the peculiar character of the Tables no grammatical statement about Umbrian is free from difficulty; and these bare outlines of its phonology must be supplemented by reference to the lucid discussion in C. D. Buck's _Oscan and Umbrian Grammar_ (Boston, 1904), or to the earlier and admirably complete _Oskischumbrische Grammatik_ of R. von Planta (Strassburg, 1892-1897). Some of the most important questions are discussed by R. S. Conway in _The Italic Dialects_, vol. ii. p. 495 seq. Save for the consequences of these phonetic changes, Umbrian morphology and syntax exhibit no divergence from Oscan that need be mentioned here, save perhaps two peculiar perfect-formations with -_l_- and -_nçi_-; as in _ampelust_, fut. perf. "impenderit," _combifiançiust_, "nuntiaverit" (or the like). Full accounts of the accidence and syntax, so far as it is represented in the inscriptions, will be found in the grammars of Buck and von Planta already mentioned, and in the second volume of Conway, _op. cit._