In the pages of _Gil Blas_, _Le Pierrot_, _L'Écho de Paris_, _Le Figaro Illustré_, _Le Courrier Français_, and similar publications, are to be found, reproduced with a dexterity of process unsurpassed in England, the designs of J. L. Forain, C. L. Léandre, L. A, Willette and T. A. Steinlen, the leaders of a school enterprising in technique, and with a mixture of subtlety and grossness in its humour. Caran d'Ache also became celebrated as a draughtsman of comic drama in outline. Germany. Among illustrators of Teutonic race the one artist who seems worthy of comparison with the great Menzel is Hans Tegner, if, indeed, he be not in some respects his technical superior; but apart from these two, the illustrators respectively of Kügler's _Frederick the Great_ and Holberg's _Comedies_, there is no German, Danish or Dutch illustrator who can lay claim to first rank. Max Klinger, A. Böcklin, W. Trübner, Franz Stück and Hans Thoma are all symbolists who combine in a singular degree force with brutality; the imaginative quality in their work is for the most part ruined by the hard, braggart way in which it is driven home. The achievements and tendency of the later school of illustration in Germany are best seen in the weekly illustrated journal, _Jugend_, of Munich. Typical of an older German school is the work of Adolf Oberländer, a solid, scientific sort of caricaturist, whose illustrations are at times so monumental that the humour in them seems crushed out of life. Others who command high qualities of technique are W. Dietz, L. von Nagel, Hermann Vogel, H. Lüders and Robert Haug. Behind all these men in greater or less degree lies the influence of Menzel's coldly balanced and dry-lighted realism; but wherever the influence of Menzel ceases, the merit of German illustration for the most part tends to disappear or become mediocre. AUTHORITIES.--W. J. Linton, _The Masters of Wood Engraving_ (London, 1889); C. G. Harper, _English Pen Artists of To-day_ (London, 1892); Joseph Pennell, _Pen Drawing and Pen Draughtsmen_ (London, 1894), _Modern Illustration_ (London, 1895); Walter Crane, _The Decorative Illustration of Books_ (London, 1896); Gleeson White, _English Illustration: "The 'Sixties": 1855-1870_ (Westminster, 1897); W. A. Chatto, _A Treatise on Wood Engraving_ (London, n.d.); Bar-le-Duc, _Les Illustrations du XIX^e siècle_ (Paris, 1882); T. Kutschmann, _Geschichte der deutschen Illustration vom ersten Auftreten des Formschnittes bis auf die Gegenwart_ (Berlin, 1899). (L. Ho.) _Technical Developments._