Telegraphic communication with Europe is maintained by the cable of the Eastern Telegraph Company via Aden, and by the Indo-European system, of which the eastern portion from Teheran and Fao to Karachi belongs to the government of India. The administration of the Indo-European department is in London under the direct control of the secretary of state. The system comprises two sections. The first, called the Persian Gulf section, runs from Karachi to Bushire, from Jask to Muscat, and from Bushire to Fao, where a connexion is made with the Ottoman government line. It includes also the Makran coast lines, running from Jask to Guadur, and thence to Karachi. The second section, known as the Persian section, consists of land lines running from Bushire to Teheran. These land lines, as well as the Makran coast lines, are worked under a treaty with the Persian government. A connexion for extending the system through Persia was signed in 1901, the route to be followed being from Kashan near Teheran to the Baluchistan frontier via Yezd and Kerman. BIBLIOGRAPHY.--_Imperial Gazetteer of India_ (new edition, 1907-1909); _Census of India_ (1901); _Statistical Atlas of India_ (1895); G. A. Grierson, _Linguistic Survey of India_ (1903); Sir Thomas Holdich, _India_ ("Regions of the World" series) (1902); Sir John Strachey, _India_ (1903); W. Crooke, _Natives of Northern India_ (1907); W. S. Lilly, _India and its Problems_ (1902); Sidney Low, _A Vision of India_ (1906); R. D. Oldham, _Geology of India_ (1893); W. T. Blanford, _Geology of India_ (1880), and _Fauna of British India_ (1888); R. Lydekker, _Great and Small Game of India_ (1900); Sir J. D. Hooker, _Flora of British India_ (1875); J. S. Gamble, _Manual of Indian Timbers_ (1902); _Indian Land Revenue Policy_ (Calcutta, 1902); B. H. Baden-Powell, _The Indian Village Community_ (1896); Abdullah Yusuf Ali, _Life and Labour of the People of India_ (1907); Theodore Morison, _Industrial Organization of an Indian Province_ (1906); Professor Wyndham Dunstan, _Coal Resources of India_ (Society of Arts, 1902); Sir George Watt, _Dictionary of Economic Products of India_ (1908); Sir George Birdwood, _Industrial Arts of India_ (1880); R. H. Mahon, _Iron and Steel in India_ (1899); _Lord Curzon in India_ (1906); _India Office List_; _The Statesman's Year-Book_; and the government of India's annual reports. (W. W. H.; J. S. Co.) HISTORY