The most important commentaries on the epistle are those of Matt. Schneckenburger (1832), K. G. W. Theile (1833), J. Kern (1838), G. H. Ewald (1870), C. F. D. Erdmann (1881), H. v. Soden (1898), J. B. Mayor (1892) and W. Patrick (1906). The pre-Pauline date is championed by B. Weiss (_Introd._), W. Beyschlag (Meyer's _Commentary_), Th. Zahn (_Introd._), J. B. Mayor and W. Patrick. J. V. Bartlet (_Ap. Age_, pp. 217-250) pleads for it, and the view is still common among English interpreters. F. K. Zimmer (_Z. w. Th._, 1893) showed the priority of Paul, with many others. A. Hilgenfeld (_Einl._) and A. C. McGiffert (_Ap. Age_) place it in the period of Domitian; Baur (_Ch. History_), Schwegler (_Nachap. Zeitalt._), Zeller, Volkmar (_Z. w. Th._), Hausrath (_Ap. Age_), H. J. Holtzmann (_Einl._), Jülicher (_Einl._), Usteri (St. _u. Kr._, 1889), W. Brückner (_Chron._), H. v. Soden (_Handcomm._) and A. Harnack (_Chron._) under Hadrian. A convenient synopsis of results will be found in J. Moffat, _Historical New Test._^2 (pp. 576-581), and in the articles _s.v._ "James" in _Encycl. Bibl._ and the Bible Dictionaries. (B. W. B.) FOOTNOTES: [1] Nothing adduced by Lightfoot (_Comm. on Gal._ Exc. "The faith of Abraham") justifies the unsupported and improbable assertion that the quotation James ii. 21 seq. "was probably in common use among the Jews to prove that orthodoxy of doctrine sufficed for salvation" (Mayor, s.v. "James, Epistle of" in Hasting's _Dict. Bible_, p. 546). [2] On the contacts in general see Moffat, _Hist. N.T._^2 p. 578, on relation to Clem. R. see Bacon, "Doctrine of Faith in Hebrews, James and Clement of Rome," in _Jour. of Bib. Lit._, 1900, pp. 12-21. [3] _Das Urchristenthum_, 868, quoted by Cone, _loc. cit._ [4] The logical relation of v. 12 to the context is problematical. Perhaps it may be accounted for by the order of the compend of Christian ethics the writer was following. Cf. Matt. v. 34-37 in relation to Matt. v. 12 (cf. ver. 10) and vi. 19 sqq. (cf. ver. 2, and iv. 13 seq.). The non-charismatic conception of healing, no longer the "gift" of some layman in the community (1 Cor. xii. 9 seq.) but a function of "the elders" (1 Tim. iv. 14), is another indication of comparatively late date.