under-world; like Janus, Cernunnus and Heimdal were considered to be the fons et origo of all things. See S. Linde, _De Jano summo romanorum deo_ (Lund, 1891); J. S. Speÿer, "Le Dieu romain Janus," in _Revue de l'histoire des religions_ (xxvi., 1892); G. Wissowa, _Religion und Kultus der Römer_ (1902); W. Deecke, _Etruskische Forschungen_, vol. ii.; W. Warde Fowler, _The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic_ (1899), pp. 282-290; articles in W. H. Roscher's _Lexikon der Mythologie_ and Daremberg and Saglio's _Dictionnaire des Antiquités_; J. Toutain, _Études de Mythologie_ (1909). On other jani (arched passages) in Rome, frequented by business men and money changers, see O. Richter, _Topographie der Stadt Rom_ (1901). (J. H. F.) JAORA, a native state of Central India, in the Malwa agency. It consists of two isolated tracts, between Ratlam and Neemuch Area, with the dependencies of Piplauda and Pant Piplauda, 568 sq. m. Pop. (1901), 84,202. The estimated revenue is £57,000; tribute, £9000. The chief, whose title is nawab, is a Mahommedan of Afghan descent. The state was confirmed by the British government in 1818 by the Treaty of Mandsaur. Nawab Mahommed Ismail, who died in 1895, was an honorary major in the British army. His son, Iftikhar Ali Khan, a minor at his accession, was educated in the Daly College at Indore, with a British officer for his tutor, and received powers of administration in 1906. The chief crops are millets, cotton, maize and poppy. The last supplies a large part of the Malwa opium of commerce. The town of JAORA is on the Rajputana-Malwa railway, 20 m. N. of Ratlam. Pop. (1901), 23,854. It is well laid out, with many good modern buildings, and has a high school and dispensary. To celebrate Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, the Victoria Institute and a zenana dispensary were opened in 1898. JAPAN, an empire of eastern Asia, and one of the great powers of the world. The following article is divided for convenience into ten sections:--I. GEOGRAPHY; II. THE PEOPLE; III. LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE; IV. ART; V. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS; VI. GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION; VII. RELIGION; VIII. FOREIGN INTERCOURSE; IX. DOMESTIC HISTORY; X. THE CLAIM OF JAPAN. I.--GEOGRAPHY Position and Extent.