Revelations and (b) 1 Chronicles. Other two "meditations" were printed posthumously. See T. F. Henderson, _James I. and VI._ (London, 1904); P. Hume Brown, _History of Scotland_, vol. ii. (Edinburgh and Cambridge, 1902); and Andrew Lang, _History of Scotland_, vol. ii. (Edinburgh, 1902) and _James VI. and the Gowrie Mystery_ (London, 1902); _The Register of the Privy Council of Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1877, &c.), vols. ii. to xiii.; S. R. Gardiner, _History of England 1603-1642_ (London, 1883-1884). A comprehensive bibliography will be found in the _Cambridge Modern Hist._ iii. 847 (Cambridge, 1904). For James's literary work, see Edward Arber's reprint of the _Essayes and Counterblaste_ ("English Reprints," 1869, &c.); R. S. Rait's _Lusus Regius_ (1900); G. Gregory Smith's _Elizabethan Critical Essays_ (1904), vol. i., where the _Treatise_ is edited for the first time; A. O. Meyer's "Clemens VIII. und Jacob I. von England" in _Quellen und Forschungen_ (Preuss. Hist. Inst.), VII. ii., for an account of the issues of the _Basilikon Doron_; P. Hume Brown's _George Buchanan_ (1890), pp. 250-261, for a sketch of James's association with Buchanan. JAMES II. (1633-1701), king of Great Britain and Ireland, second surviving son of Charles I. and Henrietta Maria, was born at St James's on the 15th of October 1633, and created duke of York in January 1643. During the Civil War James was taken prisoner by Fairfax (1646), but contrived to escape to Holland in 1648. Subsequently he served in the French army under Turenne, and in the Spanish under Condé, and was applauded by both commanders for his brilliant personal courage. Returning to England with Charles II. in 1660 he was appointed lord high admiral and warden of the Cinque Ports. Pepys, who was secretary to the navy, has recorded the patient industry and unflinching probity of his naval administration. His victory over the Dutch in 1665, and his drawn battle with De Ruyter in 1672, show that he was a good naval commander as well as an excellent administrator. These achievements won him a reputation for high courage, which, until the close of 1688, was amply deserved. His private record was not as good as his public. In December 1660 he admitted to having contracted, under discreditable circumstances, a secret marriage with Anne Hyde (1637-1671), daughter of Lord Clarendon, in the previous September. Both before and after the marriage he seems to have been a libertine as unblushing though not so fastidious as Charles himself. In 1672 he made a public avowal of his conversion to Roman Catholicism. Charles II. had opposed this project, but in 1673 allowed him to marry the Catholic Mary of Modena as his second wife. Both houses of parliament, who viewed this union with abhorrence, now passed the Test Act, forbidding Catholics to hold office. In consequence of this James was forced to resign his posts. It