proceed from west to east. In west Java it is a dense rain-forest in which the struggle of existence is maintained at high pressure by a host of lofty trees and parasitic plants in bewildering profusion. The preponderance of certain types is remarkable. Thus of the Moraceae there are in Java (and mostly here) seven genera with ninety-five species, eighty-three of which are _Ficus_ (see S. H. Koorders and T. Valeton, "Boomsoorten op Java" in _Bijdr. Mede. Dep. Landbower_ (1906). These include the so-called waringin, several kinds of figs planted as shade-trees in the parks of the nobles and officials. The Magnoliaceae and Anonaceae are both numerously represented. In middle Java the variety of trees is less, a large area being occupied by teak. In eastern Java the character of the forest is mainly determined by the abundance of the Casuarina or Chimoro (_C. montana_ and _C. Junghuhniana_). Another species, _C. equisetifolia_, is planted in west Java as an ornamental tree. These trees are not crowded together and encumbered with the heavy parasitic growths of the rain-forest; but their tall stems are often covered with multitudes of small vermilion fungi. Wherever the local climate has sufficient humidity, the true rain-forest claims its own. The second of Junghuhn's zones is the region of, more especially, tea, cinchona and coffee plantations, of maize and the sugar palm (areng). In the forest the trees are richly clad with ferns and enormous fungi; there is a profusion of underwood (_Pavetta macrophylla Javanica_ and _salicifolia_; several species of _Lasianthus_, _Boehmarias_, _Strobilanthus_, &c.), of woody lianas and ratans, of tree ferns (especially Alsophila). Between the bushes the ground is covered with ferns, lycopods, tradescantias, Bignoniaceae, species of _Aeschynanthus_. Of the lianas the largest is _Plectocomia elongata_; one specimen of which was found to have a length of nearly 790 ft. One of the fungi, _Telephora princeps_, is more than a yard in diameter. The trees are of different species from those of the hot zone even when belonging to the same genus; and new types appear mostly in limited areas. The third zone, which consists mainly of the upper slopes of volcanic mountains, but also comprises several plateaus (the Dieng, parts of the Tengger, the Ijen) is a region of clouds and mists. There are a considerable number of lakes and swamps in several parts of the region, and these have a luxuriant environment of grasses, Cyperaceae, Characeae and similar forms. The taller trees of the region--oaks, chestnuts, various Lauraceae, and four or five species of _Podocarpus_--with some striking exceptions, _Astronia spectabilis_, &c., are less floriferous than those of the lower zones; but the shrubs (_Rhododendron javanicum_, _Ardisia javanica_, &c.), herbs and parasites more than make up for this defect.