[16] See R. Verbeek, "Liget der oudheden van Java," in _Verhand. v. h. Bat. Gen._, xlvi., and his _Oudheidkundige kaart van Java_. R. Sewell's "Antiquarian notes in Java," in _Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society_ (1906), give the best conspectus available for English readers. W. B. Worsfold, _A Visit to Java_ (London, 1893), has a good sketch of what was then known, revised by Professor W. Rhys Davids; but whoever wishes full information must refer to Dutch authorities. These are numerous but difficult of access. [17] The chief authorities on Prambanan are J. W. Ijzerman, _Beschrijving der oudheden nabij de Grens der residenties Soerakarta en Djogjakarta_ (Batavia, 1891, with photographs and atlas); and J. Groneman, _Tjandi Parambanan op Midden Java_; see also _Guide à travers l'exposition des Pays-Bas_ (The Hague, 1900), No. 174, sqq. JAVELIN, a spear, particularly one light enough to be thrown, a dart. The javelin was often provided with a thong to help in casting (see SPEAR). Javelin-throwing is one of the contests in the athletic section at the international Olympic games. Formerly the sheriff of a county or borough had a body of men armed with javelins, and known as javelin-men, who acted as a bodyguard for the judges when they went on assize. Their duties are now performed by the ordinary police. The word itself is an adaptation of Fr. _javeline_. There are several words in Celtic and Scandinavian languages and in Old English, meaning a spear or dart, that seem to be connected with _javel_, the base form in French; thus Welsh _gaflach_, Irish _gabhla_, O. Norwegian _gaflok_, O. E. _gafeluc_, later in the form _gavelock_, cf. O. Norman-Fr. _gavelot_, _javelot_, Ital. _giavelotto_. The origin seems to be Celtic, and the word is cognate with Ir. _gafa_, a hook, fork, gaff; the root is seen in "gable" (q.v.), and in the German _Gabel_, fork. The change in meaning from fork, forked end of a spear, to the spear itself is obscure. JAW (Mid. Eng. _jawe_, _jowe_ and _geowe_, O. Eng. _cheowan_, connected with "chaw" and "chew," and in form with "jowl"), in anatomy, the term for the upper maxillary bone, and the mandible or lower maxillary bone of the skull; it is sometimes loosely applied to all the lower front parts of the skull (q.v.). JAWALIQI, ABU MANSUR MAUHUB UL-JAWALIQI (1073-1145), Arabian grammarian, was born at Bagdad, where he studied philology under Tibrizi and became famous for his handwriting. In his later years he acted as imam to the caliph Moqtafi. His chief work is the _Kitab ul-Mu'arrab_, or "Explanation of Foreign Words used in Arabic."