motives, morals, religion,[23] personal honesty and decency; cherished very few personal animosities; and better than any of his great antagonists cleared political opposition of ill-blooded personality. In short, his kindness of heart rose above all social, religious or political differences, and nothing destroyed his confidence in men and his sanguine views of life. AUTHORITIES.--See the editions of Jefferson's _Writings_ by H. A. Washington (9 vols., New York, 1853-1854), and--the best--by Paul Leicester Ford (10 vols., New York, 1892-1899); letters in Massachusetts Historical Society, _Collections_, series 7, vol. i.; S. E. Forman, _The Letters and Writings of Thomas Jefferson, including all his Important Utterances on Public Questions_ (1900); J. P. Foley, _The Jefferson Cyclopaedia_ (New York, 1900); the _Memoir, Correspondence_, &c., by T. J. Randolph (4 vols., Charlottesville, Va., 1829); biographies by James Schouler ("Makers of America Series," New York, 1893); John T. Morse ("American Statesmen Series," Boston, 1883); George Tucker (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1837); James Parton (Boston, 1874); and especially that by Henry S. Randall (3 vols., New York, 1853), a monumental work, although marred by some special pleading, and sharing Jefferson's implacable opinions of the "Monocrats." See also Henry Adams, _History of the United States 1801-1817_, vols. 1-4 (New York, 1889-1890); Herbert B. Adams, _Thomas Jefferson and the University of Virginia_ (U. S. bureau of education, Washington, 1888); Sarah N. Randolph, _Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson_ (New York, 1871); and an illuminating appreciation by W. P. Trent, in his _Southern Statesmen of the Old Régime_ (New York, 1897); that by John Fiske, Essays, _Historical and Literary_, vol. i. (New York, 1902), has slighter merits. (F. S. P.) FOOTNOTES: [1] It was embarrassed with a debt, however, of £3749, which, owing to conditions caused by the War of Independence, he really paid three times to his British creditors (not counting destruction on his estates, of equal amount, ordered by Lord Cornwallis). This greatly reduced his income for a number of years. [2] The first law of its kind in Christendom, although not the earliest practice of such liberty in America. [3] George Mason and Thomas L. Lee were members of the commission, but they were not lawyers, and did little actual work on the revision. [4] Capital punishment was confined to treason and murder; the former was not to be attended by corruption of blood, drawing, or quartering; all other felonies were made punishable by confinement and hard labour, save a few to which was applied, against Jefferson's desire, the principle of retaliation.